{"id":8112,"date":"2024-09-13T06:36:27","date_gmt":"2024-09-13T06:36:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/?p=8112"},"modified":"2026-04-13T08:48:56","modified_gmt":"2026-04-13T08:48:56","slug":"variable-costing","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/variable-costing\/","title":{"rendered":"Variable Costing: Definition, Example, and How to Calculate It"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Variable costing is a costing method that includes only variable manufacturing expenses, such as materials, labor, and overhead. This approach helps businesses analyze profitability based solely on variable production expenses.<\/p>\n<p>Both absorption costing and variable costing are essential because they help companies determine accurate product costs. To simplify these calculations, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/accounting-software\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">HashMicro Accounting Software <\/span><\/a>provides automated variable costing features that deliver real-time results.<\/p>\n<p>To improve profitability, companies must manage both total and variable costs effectively. Below, you\u2019ll find definitions, strengths, and examples of variable costs to guide better financial decision-making. Get a free demo now!<\/p>\n<div id=\"toc_group_article\" style=''>\r\n\t<p style='font-size:25px;font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:0px'>\r\n\t\tTable of Contents\r\n\t<\/p>\r\n\t<ul id=\"list_toc\" class='list_toc'><\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"placeholder-toc\"><\/div>\r\n<div id=\"toc\">\r\n    <div class=\"header\">\r\n\t<span class=\"toc-title\" id=\"toc-title\">Content Lists<\/span>\t\r\n\t <i class=\"toc-icon\">\r\n        <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#000\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" class=\"header-icon\">\r\n          <path d=\"m6 9 6 6 6-6\" \/>\r\n        <\/svg>\r\n      <\/i>\r\n\t<\/div>\r\n    <div class=\"list\">\r\n      <ul id=\"toc-list\"><\/ul>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n<style>\r\n\/* Simple styling for the TOC *\/\r\n\t\r\n\t#toc ul li:last-child {\r\n    padding-bottom: 16px; \/* Adjust the value as needed *\/\r\n}\r\n\r\n.td-fix-index {\r\n\t transform: unset !important;\r\n     -webkit-transform: unset !important; \r\n}\r\n.footer-contact .td-fix-index {\r\n\t transform: translateZ(0) !important;\r\n     -webkit-transform: translateZ(0) !important; \r\n}\r\n\t.tdb_single_content .tdb-block-inner.td-fix-index{\r\n\t\tposition: static;\r\n\t}\r\n\t\r\n\r\n\t\r\n#toc {\r\n  background-color: #FFF;\r\n\tpadding: 17px 24px 20px 24px !important;\r\n  margin-bottom: 20px;\r\n\/*   border: 1px solid #9C171E; *\/\r\n  border-radius: 6px;\r\n\tdisplay: none;\r\n  max-width: 100%;\r\n  transition: .4s ease height;\r\n\tmargin-left: 0;\r\n\toverflow: hidden;\r\n}\r\n\r\n#toc .header{\r\n  display: flex;\r\n  align-items: center;\r\n  justify-content: space-between;\r\n\tbackground-color: transparent;\r\n}\r\n\t\r\n\t#toc.sticky .header{\r\n\t\tpadding: 4px 0;\r\n\t}\r\n\t\r\n.header p{\r\n  font-size: 18px !important;\r\n  font-weight: 600 !important;\r\n  color: #393939;\r\n   margin-bottom: 0;\r\n  \/* margin-top: 20px; *\/\r\n}\r\n\r\n.toc-icon{\r\n  float: right;\r\n\/*   visibility: hidden; *\/\r\n}\r\n\r\n\t.toc-title{\r\n\t\tmargin-right: auto;\r\n\/* \t\tpadding-left: 20px; *\/\r\n\t\tfont-weight: 600;\r\n\t\talign-self: center;\t}\t\r\n\r\n#toc ul {\r\n  list-style-type: none;\r\n  padding-left: 0;\r\n  padding-top: 20px;\r\n  margin-top: 0px;\r\n}\r\n\t\r\n#toc.sticky ul{\r\n\toverflow-y: auto;\r\n\tmax-height: 250px;\r\n\tmargin-top: 0px;\r\n\tpadding-top: 20px;\r\n\/* \tborder-top: 1px solid #d3d3d3; *\/\r\n}\r\n\t\r\n#toc ul li {\r\n\/*   margin-bottom: 10px; *\/\r\n  margin-bottom: 10px;\r\n\tmargin-left: 0;\r\n\ttransition: .2s ease;\r\n\tcursor: pointer;\r\n}\r\n\t\r\n\t#toc.sticky ul li {\r\n\t  margin-right: 10px;\r\n\t}\r\n\t\r\n.td-post-content #toc-list li a:hover, .td-post-content #toc-list a.active{\r\n\tbackground-color: #FFF;\r\n\/* \tpadding: 8px 16px 8px 16px; *\/\r\n\tpadding: 4px 16px 4px 16px;\r\n\tborder-radius: 6px;\r\n\tcolor: #9c171e !important;\r\n\tfont-weight: 600 !important;\r\n}\r\n\t\r\n\t.td-post-content #toc-list li:hover a, .td-post-content #toc-list a.active{\r\n\t\tcolor: #9C171E !important;\r\n\t\tfont-weight: 600 !important;\r\n\t}\r\n\t\r\n.td-post-content #toc-list a.active{\r\n\tfont-weight: bold !important;\r\n\tcolor: #9C171E !important;\r\n}\r\n\t\r\n#toc a, .td-post-content #toc-list a {\r\n  text-decoration: none;\r\n  color: #ea1717 !important;\r\n  transition: .2s ease;\r\n\tfont-weight: 400 !important;\r\n\tdisplay: block;\r\n\t\r\n\tpadding: 4px 16px 4px 0;\r\n}\r\n\r\n#toc.sticky {\r\n  position: fixed;\r\n\/*   top: 73px; *\/\r\n\tbottom: 0;\r\n  z-index: 100; \r\n  box-shadow: 0 2px 5px rgba(0,0,0,0.1); \r\n\twidth: 100%; \r\n\tbackground-color: #FFF;\r\n\/* \tbackground-color: #FFF1F1; *\/\r\n\tborder-bottom: 1px solid #ea1717;\r\n\/*   border: 1px solid #393939; *\/\r\n  box-shadow: 0px 0px 14px 0px #00000040;\r\n  cursor: pointer;\r\n\tanimation: fadein .3s ease;\r\n\tpadding: 12px 16px !important;\r\n}\r\n\t\r\n\t.fadein{\r\n\t\tanimation: fadein .3s ease;\r\n\t}\r\n\t\r\n\t.fadeout{\r\n\t\tanimation: fadeout .3s ease;\r\n\t}\r\n\t\r\n\t\r\n\t@keyframes fadein{\r\n\t\t0% {\r\n\t\t\topacity: 0;\r\n\t\t}\r\n\t\t100%{\r\n\t\t\topacity: 1;\r\n\t\t}\r\n\t}\r\n\t\r\n\t@keyframes fadeout{\r\n\t\t0% {\r\n\t\t\topacity: 1;\r\n\t\t}\r\n\t\t100%{\r\n\t\t\topacity: 0;\r\n\t\t}\r\n\t}\r\n\r\n\t\r\n#toc.sticky .header p{\r\n\tmargin-bottom: 10px;\r\n\tmargin-top: 10px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n#toc.sticky .toc-icon{\r\n  visibility: visible;\r\n\/* \ttransition: 0.4s ease; *\/\r\n}\r\n\t\r\n\t.toc-icon{\r\n\t\talign-items: center;\r\n    \tdisplay: flex;\r\n\t}\r\n\t\r\n\tsvg.header-icon{\r\n\/* \t\tbackground-color: #9c171e; *\/\r\n\t\tbackground-color: #FFF;\r\n\t\tborder-radius: 30px;\r\n\t\tpadding: 5px;\r\n\t}\r\n\r\n#toc.sticky .list{\r\n\/*   max-height: 0; *\/\r\n  transition: height 0.4s ease;\r\n}\r\n\t\r\n\t#toc .list{\r\n\/*   max-height: 0; *\/\r\n  transition: height 0.4s ease;\r\n}\r\n\r\n#toc .header.active .toc-icon{\r\n\ttransform: rotate(0deg); \r\n\topacity: 1;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\t#toc .header.active + .list {\r\n\t  max-height: 200px; \/* Adjust this value as needed *\/\r\n\t  opacity: 1;\r\n\t}\r\n\t\r\n\t#placeholder-toc{\r\n\/* \t\tdisplay: none; *\/\r\n\t}\r\n\t\r\n\t@media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 991px){\r\n\t\t#toc.sticky{\r\n\/* \t\t\ttop: 104px; *\/\r\n\t\t\tbottom: 0px;\r\n\t\t}\r\n\t\t\r\n\t\t#toc{\r\n\t\t\twidth: unset !important;\r\n\t\t}\r\n\t}\r\n\t\r\n\t@media (max-width: 767px){\r\n\t\t#toc{\r\n\t\t\twidth: 100% !important;\r\n\t\t\tdisplay: inline-block;\r\n\t\t}\r\n\t\t\r\n\t\t#toc.sticky{\r\n\t\t\twidth: 84% !important;\r\n\/* \t\t\ttop: 81px; *\/\r\n\t\t\tbottom: 60px;\r\n\t\t\tmargin-left: auto;\r\n\t\t\tmargin-right: auto;\r\n\t\t\tpadding: 0 16px;\r\n\/* \t\t\tright: 5%; *\/\r\n\t\t}\r\n\t}\r\n<\/style>\r\n\r\n<style>\r\n\t#list_toc li {margin-bottom: 0;margin-top: 5px;}\r\n\t#list_toc > li > ul {padding-left: 20px;margin-bottom: 0;}\r\n\t#list_toc{height:max-content;transition:ease-in-out}\r\n\t#list_toc li {margin-bottom: 0;margin-top: 5px;}\r\n\t#list_toc_float li.active > a {color:#b1252d;background: #ffe1e3;}\r\n\t#list_toc_float li a {padding:3px 7px}\r\n\t#list_toc_float li a {\r\n\t\tdisplay: block;\r\n\t\tcolor:#000;\r\n\t\tmargin-bottom: 10px;\r\n\t\ttransition:all 0.2s ease-in-out;\r\n\t\tfont-size:15px\r\n\t}\r\n\t#list_toc_float li{list-style:none;list-style-position:inside; margin-left:0;}\r\n\t#list_toc_float a:hover{color:#b1252d;}\r\n\t\r\n\t#list_toc_float li a{margin-bottom:0px}\r\n\t#toc_group_float{\r\n\t\tline-height: 24px;\r\n\t\tmax-height: calc(100vh - 100px);\r\n\t\toverflow: auto;\r\n\t\tz-index: 99;\r\n\t\tdisplay:none!important;\r\n\t\tbackground:#fff;\r\n\t\ttransition:all 0.5s linear\r\n\t}\r\n\t\r\n\t@media (min-width:1019px){\r\n\t\t#toc_group_float {\r\n\t\t\tdisplay:block!important;\r\n\t\t\t}\r\n\t\t\t\t#toc_group_article {\r\n\t\t\tdisplay:none;\r\n\t\t}\r\n\t}\r\n\t\r\n\t@media (max-width:768px){\r\n\t\t#toc_group_article {\r\n\t\t\tdisplay:none;\r\n\t\t}\r\n\t}\r\n\t\r\n\t \/* custom scrollbar style *\/\r\n::-webkit-scrollbar {\r\n    width: 7px;\r\n}\r\n::-webkit-scrollbar-track {\r\n    background: #d7a2a4;\r\n}\r\n::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb {\r\n    background: #b1252d;\r\n    border-radius: 15px;\r\n}\t\t\r\n\r\n<\/style>\r\n\r\n<script>\r\n\tdocument.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function() {\r\n\t\t\/\/ Function to handle click on all <a> elements with href starting with #\r\n\t\tfunction handleTitleClick(event) {\r\n\t\t\tevent.preventDefault();\r\n\t\t\tconst targetId = this.getAttribute('href').substring(1);\r\n\t\t\tconst targetElement = document.getElementById(targetId);\r\n\r\n\t\t\tif (targetElement) {\r\n\t\t\t\tconst headerHeight = document.querySelector('#toc .header').offsetHeight;\r\n\t\t\t\tconst navbarHeight = document.getElementById('tdi_34') ? document.getElementById('tdi_34').offsetHeight : 0;\r\n\t\t\t\tconst windowHeight = window.innerHeight;\r\n\t\t\t\tconst targetOffset = targetElement.offsetTop;\r\n\t\t\t\tconst scrollTo = targetOffset + (windowHeight \/ 2) + (headerHeight) - navbarHeight - 40;\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\twindow.scrollTo({\r\n\t\t\t\t\ttop: scrollTo,\r\n\t\t\t\t\tbehavior: 'smooth'\r\n\t\t\t\t});\r\n\t\t\t}\r\n\t\t}\r\n\r\n\t\t\/\/ Add event listener for all <a> elements in toc-list and list-toc\r\n\t\tconst titleLinks = document.querySelectorAll('#toc-list a, #list_toc a');\r\n\t\ttitleLinks.forEach(link => {\r\n\t\t\tlink.addEventListener('click', handleTitleClick);\r\n\t\t});\r\n\t});\r\n<\/script>\r\n\r\n<!-- ToC List for mobile -->\r\n<script>\r\n \/\/ Generate TOC based on headings\r\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\r\n  \/\/ Get the element that will contain the TOC\r\n  const tocList = document.getElementById('toc-list');\r\n\r\n  \/\/ Get the element with class 'td-post-content'\r\n  const article = document.querySelector('.td-post-content');\r\n\r\n  \/\/ Find all h2 elements within the article\r\n  const headers = article.getElementsByTagName('h2');\r\n\r\n  \/\/ Loop through the h2 elements and create a list item for each one\r\n  for (let i = 0; i < headers.length; i++) {\r\n    const header = headers[i];\r\n    const headerText = header.textContent;\r\n\/\/     const headerId = 'header-' + i;\r\n    const headerId = headerText\r\n    .toLowerCase()\r\n    .trim()\r\n    .replace(\/[^\\w\\s-]\/g, '')  \/\/ hapus tanda baca\r\n    .replace(\/\\s+\/g, '-'); \/\/ ganti spasi jadi \"-\"\r\n\r\n    \/\/ Set an ID for the header if it doesn't have one\r\n    header.setAttribute('id', headerId);\r\n\r\n    \/\/ Create a list item for the TOC\r\n    const listItem = document.createElement('li');\r\n\r\n    \/\/ Create a link for the list item\r\n    const link = document.createElement('a');\r\n    link.setAttribute('href', '#' + headerId);\r\n    link.textContent = headerText;\r\n\r\n    \/\/ Append the link to the list item\r\n    listItem.appendChild(link);\r\n\r\n    \/\/ Append the list item to the TOC list\r\n    tocList.appendChild(listItem);\r\n  }\r\n});\r\n\r\n\/\/ Keep height and placement of content using placeholder in place of TOC\r\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\r\n  const toc = document.querySelector('#toc');\r\n  const placeholderToc = document.querySelector('#placeholder-toc');\r\n\r\n  function setPlaceholderHeight() {\r\n    placeholderToc.style.height = `${toc.offsetHeight}px`;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  \/\/ Set the initial height of the placeholder\r\n  setPlaceholderHeight();\r\n\r\n  \/\/ Update the height on window resize\r\n  window.addEventListener('resize', setPlaceholderHeight);\r\n});\r\n  const tocTitle = document.querySelector('#toc-title');\r\n\r\n\/\/ Sticky TOC and update heading\r\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\r\n  const toc = document.querySelector('#toc');\r\n  const footer = document.querySelector('.td-footer-template-wrap');\r\n  const tocParent = toc.parentElement;\r\n  const divTop = tocParent.getBoundingClientRect().top + window.pageYOffset;\r\n  const tocHeight = toc.offsetHeight;\r\n  const triggerPoint = divTop + tocHeight + 700;\r\n  const footerHeight = footer.offsetHeight;\r\n  const triggerFooterPoint = footer.getBoundingClientRect().top + window.pageYOffset - footerHeight - footerHeight - footerHeight;\r\n  const phtoc = document.querySelector('#placeholder-toc');\r\n  const headers = document.querySelectorAll('.td-post-content h2');\r\n  const navLinks = document.querySelectorAll('#toc-list a');\r\n\t\r\n\tconst panel2 = document.querySelector(\"#toc .list\");\r\n\tvar icon = document.querySelector(\".toc-icon\");\r\n\r\n  let activeLink = null; \/\/ Declare activeLink outside the loop\r\n\t\r\n  \/\/ Function to handle scroll and add\/remove .sticky class\r\n  function handleScroll() {\r\n    const windowTop = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;\r\n    let currentHeader = '';\r\n\r\n    \/\/ Highlight user progress as the heading comes\r\n    headers.forEach(header => {\r\n\t\tconst headerTop = header.offsetTop;\r\n\t\tconst headerHeight = header.clientHeight;\r\n\t\tif(window.innerWidth < 767){\r\n\t\t\ttocTitle.textContent = 'Table of Contents'; \/\/ Selalu pertahankan judul ini di mobile\r\n\t\t} else {\r\n\t\t\tif (window.scrollY >= (headerTop - headerHeight + 700)) {\r\n\t\t\t\tconst currentHeaderId = header.getAttribute('id');\r\n\t\t\t\tconst currentHeaderText = document.getElementById(currentHeaderId).textContent;\r\n\t\t\t\ttocTitle.textContent = currentHeaderText;\r\n\t\t\t\tcurrentHeader = currentHeaderId;\r\n\t\t\t}\r\n\t\t}\r\n\t});\r\n\r\n    navLinks.forEach(link => {\r\n      link.classList.remove('active');\r\n      if(currentHeader != '') {\r\n\t\t  if (link.getAttribute('href').includes(currentHeader)) {\r\n\t\t\t  link.classList.add('active');\r\n\t\t  }\r\n\t  }\r\n    });\r\n\r\n    \/\/ Update TOC title if sticky\r\n    if (windowTop > triggerPoint) {\r\n      if (!toc.classList.contains('sticky')) {\r\n        phtoc.style.display = \"block\";\r\n        toc.classList.add('sticky');\r\n        toc.style.width = `${tocParent.offsetWidth}px`; \/\/ Set width to match the parent element\r\n        toc.setAttribute('style', 'width: ' + tocParent.offsetWidth + 'px !important;');\r\n        toc.style.backgroundColor = \"#FFF\";\r\n\t\tpanel2.style.height = '0px';\r\n\t\t  icon.style.transform = \"rotate(180deg)\";\r\n\t\t  if(window.innerWidth < 767){\r\n\t\t\t  tocTitle.textContent = 'Table of Contents'; \/\/ Reset title\r\n       \t\t  toc.style.width = '150px'; \/\/ Set width to match the parent element\r\n\t\t  }\r\n      }\r\n      if (currentHeader) {\r\n        tocTitle.textContent = activeLink ? activeLink.textContent : \"\"; \/\/ Update title only if activeLink exists\r\n      }\r\n    } else {\r\n      toc.classList.remove('sticky');\r\n      phtoc.style.display = \"none\";\r\n      toc.style.width = 'unset'; \/\/ Reset to original width\r\n      toc.style.backgroundColor = \"#FFF\";\r\n      tocTitle.textContent = 'Table of Contents'; \/\/ Reset title\r\n\t\tpanel2.style.height = panel2.scrollHeight + \"px\";\r\n\t\ticon.style.transform = \"rotate(180deg)\";\r\n    }\r\n  }\r\n\r\n    \/\/ Attach the scroll event listener to the window\r\n    window.addEventListener('scroll', handleScroll);\r\n\r\n    \/\/ Initial call to handleScroll to set the correct state on load\r\n    handleScroll();\r\n});\r\n\t\r\n\t\/\/ Open toggle TOC\r\n\t  document.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\r\n\t\tvar tocHeader = document.querySelector(\"#toc .header\");\r\n\t\tvar toc = document.querySelector(\"#toc\");\r\n\t\tvar icon = document.querySelector(\".toc-icon\");\r\n\t\tconst tocTitle = document.querySelector('#toc-title');\r\n\t\tconst tocs = document.querySelector('#toc.sticky');\r\n \t\tconst tocParent = toc.parentElement;\t\t  \r\n\r\n\t\t  tocHeader.addEventListener(\"click\", function() {\r\n\t\t\tvar panel = this.nextElementSibling;\r\n\t\t\tif (panel.style.height !== '0px') { \/\/ Check if height is not 0px\r\n\t\t\t  panel.style.height = '0px'; \/\/ Set height to 0 for full collapse\r\n\t\t\t  icon.style.transform = \"rotate(180deg)\";\r\n\t\t\t\tif(window.innerWidth > 768){\r\n\t\t\t\t\tif(!toc.classList.contains('sticky')){\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\ttoc.style.width = \"unset\";\r\n\t\t\t\t\t}\r\n\t\t\t\t\tif (toc.classList.contains('sticky')){\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\ttoc.style.width = '${tocParent.offsetWidth}px';\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\ttoc.setAttribute('style', 'width: ' + tocParent.offsetWidth + 'px !important;');\r\n\t\t\t\t\t}\r\n\t\t\t\t}\r\n\t\t\t\tif(window.innerWidth < 767){\r\n\t\t\t\t\ttoc.style.width = \"unset\"; \/\/ Reset width\r\n\t\t\t\t}\r\n\t\t\t\ttoc.style.backgroundColor = \"#FFF1F1\";\r\n\t\t\t} else {\r\n\t\t\t  panel.style.height = panel.scrollHeight + \"px\";\r\n\t\t\t  icon.style.transform = \"rotate(0deg)\";\r\n\t\t\t  toc.style.backgroundColor = \"#FFF\";\r\n\t\t\t  tocTitle.textContent = 'Table of Contents'; \/\/ Reset title\r\n\t\t\t\ttoc.style.paddingBottom = '24px';\r\n\t\t\t \tif(window.innerWidth < 767){\r\n\t\t\t\t\ttoc.style.width = `${tocParent.offsetWidth}px`; \/\/ Set width to match the parent element\r\n\t\t\t\t\ttoc.setAttribute('style', 'width: ' + tocParent.offsetWidth + 'px !important;');\r\n\t\t\t\t}\r\n\t\t\t}\r\n\t\t  });\r\n\r\n\t\t  \/\/ Close TOC when a link inside it is clicked\r\n\t\t  var tocLinks = document.querySelectorAll(\"#toc .list a\");\r\n\t\t  tocLinks.forEach(function(link) {\r\n\t\t\tlink.addEventListener(\"click\", function() {\r\n\t\t\t  var panel = document.querySelector(\"#toc .list\");\r\n\t\t\t  panel.style.height = '0px'; \/\/ Set height to 0 for full collapse\r\n\t\t\t  icon.style.transform = \"rotate(180deg)\";\r\n\t\t\t  toc.style.backgroundColor = \"#FFF\";\r\n\t\t\t});\r\n\t\t  });\r\n\t\t});\r\n\t\r\n\/\/ \tmake the heading at the center of the viewport\r\n\/\/ \tdocument.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function() {\r\n\/\/     \/\/ Add click event listener to all links in the TOC list\r\n\/\/     document.querySelectorAll('#toc-list a').forEach(anchor => {\r\n\/\/         anchor.addEventListener('click', function (e) {\r\n\/\/             e.preventDefault(); \/\/ Prevent the default behavior of jumping to the anchor\r\n\/\/             const targetId = this.getAttribute('href').substring(1); \/\/ Get the ID of the target element\r\n\/\/             const targetElement = document.getElementById(targetId); \/\/ Get the target element\r\n\r\n\/\/             if (targetElement) {\r\n\/\/                 const headerHeight = document.querySelector('#toc .header').offsetHeight; \/\/ Get the height of the fixed header\r\n\/\/                 const windowHeight = window.innerHeight; \/\/ Get the height of the viewport\r\n\/\/                 const targetOffset = targetElement.offsetTop; \/\/ Get the top offset of the target element\r\n\/\/                 const scrollTo = targetOffset + (windowHeight \/ 2) + (headerHeight); \/\/ Calculate the scroll position to center the target element\r\n\r\n\/\/                 \/\/ Scroll to the calculated position smoothly\r\n\/\/                 window.scrollTo({\r\n\/\/                     top: scrollTo,\r\n\/\/                     behavior: 'smooth'\r\n\/\/                 });\r\n\/\/             }\r\n\/\/         });\r\n\/\/     });\r\n\/\/ });\r\n<\/script>\r\n\r\n<script>\r\n    \/\/ Scrollspy function to highlight the active TOC item based on the scroll position\r\n  function scrollSpy(tocClass) {\r\n    const scrollPosition = window.scrollY;\r\n\r\n    \/\/ Find the active h2 and h3 headings based on their position in the corresponding TOC\r\n    let activeH2 = null;\r\n    let activeH3 = null;\r\n\r\n    const tocItems = document.querySelectorAll(`.${tocClass} li`);\r\n    tocItems.forEach(item => {\r\n      const a = item.querySelector('a');\r\n      if (!a) return;\r\n      const href = a.getAttribute('href');\r\n      const targetId = href.substring(1); \/\/ Remove the '#' from the href to get the target ID\r\n      const targetElement = document.getElementById(targetId);\r\n      if (!targetElement) return;\r\n\r\n      const targetTop = targetElement.getBoundingClientRect().top + scrollPosition;\r\n      const nextItem = item.nextElementSibling;\r\n      const nextTop = nextItem ? nextItem.getBoundingClientRect().top + scrollPosition : Infinity;\r\n\r\n      if (targetTop <= scrollPosition + 150) {\r\n        if (a.parentElement.parentElement === tocItems) {\r\n          \/\/ The h2 heading is at the root level of the TOC\r\n          activeH2 = { id: targetId, level: 'h2' };\r\n        } else {\r\n          \/\/ The h3 heading is nested under an h2 heading\r\n          const parentH2 = a.parentElement.parentElement.previousElementSibling;\r\n          if (parentH2) {\r\n            const h2Link = parentH2.querySelector('a');\r\n            if (h2Link) {\r\n              const h2Href = h2Link.getAttribute('href');\r\n              const h2Id = h2Href.substring(1);\r\n              activeH2 = { id: h2Id, level: 'h2' };\r\n            }\r\n          }\r\n          activeH3 = { id: targetId, level: 'h3' };\r\n        }\r\n      }\r\n\r\n      if (targetTop > scrollPosition + 150 && nextTop > scrollPosition + 150 && !activeH3) {\r\n        \/\/ Reset the activeH2 when there are no more active h3 headings\r\n        activeH2 = null;\r\n      }\r\n    });\r\n\r\n    \/\/ Update the active state for the TOC items\r\n    tocItems.forEach(item => {\r\n      item.classList.remove('active');\r\n      const a = item.querySelector('a');\r\n      if (a) {\r\n        const href = a.getAttribute('href');\r\n        const targetId = href.substring(1);\r\n        if ((activeH2 && activeH2.id === targetId) || (activeH3 && activeH3.id === targetId)) {\r\n          item.classList.add('active');\r\n        }\r\n      }\r\n    });\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  \/\/ Call scrollSpy for each TOC on window scroll\r\n  const tocClasses = ['list_toc', 'list_toc_float']; \/\/ Add other TOC class names here if you have more than two instances\r\n  tocClasses.forEach(tocClass => {\r\n    window.addEventListener('scroll', () => scrollSpy(tocClass));\r\n  });\r\n<\/script>\r\n\t\r\n\r\n<!-- ToC List for desktop side bar, diganti jadi inject by php, di code snippet \"Sidebar Accordion\" -->\r\n<!-- <script>\r\n\tdocument.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function() {\r\n        let headerCounter = 0; \/\/ Counter to generate unique IDs\r\n\r\n\t\t\/\/ Function to generate ID in header0, header1, etc. format\r\n\t\tfunction formatId() {\r\n\t\t\treturn `header-${headerCounter++}`; \/\/ ID format: header0, header1, etc.\r\n\t\t}\r\n\r\n\/\/ \t\tfunction formatId(text) {\r\n\/\/             return text.trim().replace(\/[^\\w\\d]+\/g, '_');\r\n\/\/         }\r\n\t\r\n        \/\/ Function to create nested list\r\n        function createNestedList(parentNode, children) {\r\n            if (children.length === 0) return;\r\n\r\n            const nestedUl = document.createElement('ul');\r\n            children.forEach(child => {\r\n                const nestedLi = document.createElement('li');\r\n                const nestedA = document.createElement('a');\r\n                nestedA.textContent = child.title;\r\n                nestedA.href = `#${child.id}`;\r\n                nestedLi.appendChild(nestedA);\r\n                nestedUl.appendChild(nestedLi);\r\n\r\n                if (child.children.length > 0) {\r\n                    createNestedList(nestedLi, child.children);\r\n                }\r\n            });\r\n\r\n            parentNode.appendChild(nestedUl);\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        \/\/ Object to store list of h2 and h3 with their titles\r\n        const headings = [];\r\n\r\n           \/\/ Get all h2 and h3 elements\r\n        \/\/ Get all h2 and h3 elements\r\n\t\tconst elements = document.querySelectorAll('.td-post-content h2');\r\n\r\n\t\telements.forEach(element => {\r\n\t\t\tif (element.tagName === 'H2') {\r\n\t\t\t\tconst id = formatId(); \/\/ Generate new ID\r\n\t\t\t\telement.id = id; \/\/ Set ID to h2 element\r\n\t\t\t\tif (element.textContent.toLowerCase() === \"key takeaways\") {return;} \/\/ Hide Key Takeaways di ToC\r\n\t\t\t\theadings.push({ level: 'h2', id: id, title: element.textContent, children: [] });\r\n\t\t\t} else if (element.tagName === 'H3') {\r\n\t\t\t\tconst id = formatId(); \/\/ Generate new ID\r\n\t\t\t\telement.id = id; \/\/ Set ID to h3 element\r\n\t\t\t\tif (headings.length > 0) {\r\n\t\t\t\t\theadings[headings.length - 1].children.push({ level: 'h3', id: id, title: element.textContent, children: [] });\r\n\t\t\t\t}\r\n\t\t\t}\r\n\t\t});\r\n       \/\/ Create HTML list from headings object\r\n\t\tconst ul = document.getElementById('list_toc');\r\n\t\tlet currentUl = ul;\r\n\t\theadings.forEach(heading => {\r\n\t\t\tconst li = document.createElement('li');\r\n\t\t\tconst a = document.createElement('a');\r\n\t\t\ta.textContent = heading.title;\r\n\t\t\ta.href = `#${heading.id}`; \/\/ Use the newly generated ID\r\n\t\t\tli.appendChild(a);\r\n\r\n\t\t\tif (heading.level === 'h2') {\r\n\t\t\t\tcurrentUl = li;\r\n\t\t\t\tul.appendChild(li);\r\n\t\t\t} else if (heading.level === 'h3') {\r\n\t\t\t\tif (!currentUl.lastElementChild || currentUl.lastElementChild.tagName !== 'UL') {\r\n\t\t\t\t\tconst nestedUl = document.createElement('ul');\r\n\t\t\t\t\tcurrentUl.appendChild(nestedUl);\r\n\t\t\t\t\tcurrentUl = nestedUl;\r\n\t\t\t\t}\r\n\t\t\t\tcurrentUl.appendChild(li);\r\n\t\t\t}\r\n\r\n\t\t\tcreateNestedList(li, heading.children);\r\n\t\t});\r\n\t\t\/\/ Get ul element with id 'list_toc'\r\n\t\tconst ulFloat = document.getElementById('list_toc');\r\n\r\n\t\t\/\/ Get content (child elements) from ul with id 'list_toc'\r\n\t\tconst clonedChildren = ulFloat.cloneNode(true).children;\r\n\r\n\t\t\/\/ Get ul element with id 'list_toc_float'\r\n\t\tconst ulToc = document.getElementById('list_toc_float');\r\n\r\n\t\t\/\/ Add content obtained from 'list_toc' to ul with id 'list_toc_float'\r\n\t\tulToc.append(...clonedChildren);\r\n\r\n\r\n        \/\/ Function to get navbar height\r\n\t\tfunction getNavbarHeight() {\r\n\t\t\tconst navbar = document.getElementById('tdi_34');\r\n\t\t\treturn navbar ? navbar.offsetHeight : 0;\r\n\t\t}\r\n\r\n\t\t\/\/ Function to add scroll position offset\r\n\t\tfunction scrollToElementWithOffset(elementId) {\r\n\t\t\tconst element = document.getElementById(elementId);\r\n\t\t\tif (element) {\r\n\t\t\t\tconst offset = getNavbarHeight();\r\n\t\t\t\tconst elementPosition = element.getBoundingClientRect().top;\r\n\t\t\t\tconst offsetPosition = elementPosition - offset - 40;\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\twindow.scrollBy({\r\n\t\t\t\t\ttop: offsetPosition,\r\n\t\t\t\t\tbehavior: 'smooth'\r\n\t\t\t\t});\r\n\t\t\t}\r\n\t\t}\r\n\r\n\t\t\/\/ Function to handle title link click\r\n\t\tfunction handleTitleClick(event) {\r\n\t\t\tevent.preventDefault();\r\n\t\t\tconst href = event.target.getAttribute('href').substr(1);\r\n\t\t\tscrollToElementWithOffset(href);\r\n\t\t}\r\n\r\n\t\t\/\/ Add event listener for all title links\r\n\t\tconst titleLinks = document.querySelectorAll('a[href^=\"#\"]');\r\n\t\ttitleLinks.forEach(link => {\r\n\t\t\tlink.addEventListener('click', handleTitleClick);\r\n\t\t});\r\n\t});\r\n    <\/script> -->\r\n\n<table style=\"border-collapse: coacllapse; background-color: #fffacd; border-radius: 25px 25px 25px 25px;\" width=\"100%\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 15px; border: none;\">\n<h3 style=\"margin-bottom: 10px;\"><span style=\"background-color: #990000; color: #ffffff; padding: 5px;\"><b>Key Takeaways<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#variable\">Variable costing<\/a> includes only variable production costs, such as materials and labor, treats fixed overhead as period expenses, and is used mainly for internal reports.<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit;\">Variable costing <a href=\"#benefit\">benefits<\/a> management by optimizing decisions, controlling variable costs, and simplifying budgeting.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#formula\">The formula for variable cost<\/a> is: Total variable cost = Total output quantity \u00d7 Variable cost per unit of output.<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"flex-shrink-0 flex flex-col relative items-end\">\n<div>\n<div class=\"pt-0\">\n<div class=\"gizmo-bot-avatar flex h-8 w-8 items-center justify-center overflow-hidden rounded-full\">\n<div class=\"relative p-1 rounded-sm flex items-center justify-center bg-token-main-surface-primary text-token-text-primary h-8 w-8\"><span style=\"font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/accounting-software\">HashMicro<\/a> provides budget comparison and tracks variable costs for better control, while automated reports save time and enable quicker, smarter decisions.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/free-product-tour\/?medium=free-product-tour\" target=\"_blank\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/bir-demo-gratis.webp\" data-desktop-src=\"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/bir-demo-gratis.webp\" data-mobile-src=\"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/mobile-bir-demo-gratis.webp\" alt=\"FreeDemo\" class=\"responsive-image-banner\" width=\"620\" height=\"255\"><\/a>\r\n\r\n<script>\r\n    \/\/ check which image to use based on screensize\r\n    document.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\r\n        function updateImageSource() {\r\n            var images = document.querySelectorAll('.responsive-image-banner');\r\n            var screenWidth = window.innerWidth;\r\n\r\n            images.forEach(function(img) {\r\n                var mobileSrc = img.getAttribute('data-mobile-src');\r\n                var desktopSrc = img.getAttribute('data-desktop-src');\r\n\r\n                if (screenWidth < 576 && mobileSrc) {\r\n                    img.setAttribute('src', mobileSrc);\r\n                } else {\r\n                    img.setAttribute('src', desktopSrc);\r\n                }\r\n            });\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        \/\/ Initial check\r\n        updateImageSource();\r\n\r\n        \/\/ Update on resize\r\n        window.addEventListener('resize', updateImageSource);\r\n    });\r\n<\/script>\n<h2><b><span id=\"variable\">What is Variable Costing?<\/span><\/b><\/h2>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-20010 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Banner-Yanda-6.webp\" alt=\"what is variable costing?\" width=\"1200\" height=\"650\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Banner-Yanda-6.webp 1200w, https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Banner-Yanda-6-300x163.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Banner-Yanda-6-1024x555.webp 1024w, https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Banner-Yanda-6-768x416.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Banner-Yanda-6-775x420.webp 775w, https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Banner-Yanda-6-150x81.webp 150w, https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Banner-Yanda-6-696x377.webp 696w, https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Banner-Yanda-6-1068x580.webp 1068w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Variable costing is an accounting method that includes only variable production costs like materials, labor, and overhead in the cost of goods sold. It helps businesses assess how changes in production volume affect profitability by excluding fixed costs from the calculation.<\/p>\n<p>Variable costing helps businesses make more accurate decisions by focusing on variable costs and ignoring fixed costs. This approach allows companies to see how changes in production levels impact profitability and helps in setting prices or managing production efficiently. It also helping managers make short-term decisions by showing how production affects profit without including fixed costs.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Types of Variable Costing<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Variable costing is a cost accounting method focusing on costs that vary directly with production or business activity levels. These costs are crucial for decision-making and pricing strategies.<\/p>\n<p>Below are the main types of variable costs:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Direct Materials<\/strong> are raw materials directly used to create a product, such as wood for furniture, steel for cars, or fabric for clothing. These costs change with production volume.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Direct Labor<\/strong> refers to wages paid to workers directly involved in manufacturing, like assembly line staff or machine operators. The cost varies based on the labor needed for each unit produced.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Variable Manufacturing Overheads <\/strong>include production-related costs that fluctuate with output, such as machine utilities, maintenance supplies, and factory consumables.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Variable Selling Costs<\/strong> are expenses that change with sales volume, including sales commissions, shipping fees, and promotional discounts.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Variable Administrative Costs<\/strong> are admin expenses that vary with business activity, such as temporary staffing and travel for sales meetings.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Miscellaneous Variable Costs<\/strong> are other costs that shift with production or sales, such as packaging materials or royalties per unit sold.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2><b><span id=\"benefit\">The Function of Variable Costing<\/span><\/b><\/h2>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-20011 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Banner-Yanda-4.webp\" alt=\"functions of variable costing\" width=\"1200\" height=\"650\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Banner-Yanda-4.webp 1200w, https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Banner-Yanda-4-300x163.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Banner-Yanda-4-1024x555.webp 1024w, https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Banner-Yanda-4-768x416.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Banner-Yanda-4-775x420.webp 775w, https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Banner-Yanda-4-150x81.webp 150w, https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Banner-Yanda-4-696x377.webp 696w, https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Banner-Yanda-4-1068x580.webp 1068w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Variable costing<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> helps management make short-term decisions by:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Letting them know the contribution margin to plan profits through <\/span>cost-volume-profit analysis<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and guide short-term policies.<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Making it easier to monitor operations, assess performance, and ensure accountability across departments, considering variable cost factors.<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Providing insights to control costs effectively by focusing on <\/span>variable expenses<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Helping in determining the best product pricing strategy for higher profitability.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Simplifying budget comparisons by focusing only on relevant <\/span>variable cost<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For a better understanding of <\/span>variable cost<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0and how to simplify it, read our article on the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/accounting-system\/\">accounting system<\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to discover how to automate calculations and improve cost management.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Example of Variable Costing<\/b><\/h2>\n<p>Below, we provide two examples of variable costing, so that you can gain a clearer picture of what it is and how to calculate it.<\/p>\n<h4><strong>Example 1:<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-21680\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/variable-costing-template-300x127.webp\" alt=\"variable costing template\" width=\"659\" height=\"279\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/variable-costing-template-300x127.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/variable-costing-template-768x326.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/variable-costing-template-991x420.webp 991w, https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/variable-costing-template-150x64.webp 150w, https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/variable-costing-template-696x295.webp 696w, https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/variable-costing-template.webp 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 659px) 100vw, 659px\" \/>This template is a tool designed to calculate and analyze variable costs for businesses. It provides a structured way to categorize and quantify costs that change with production or sales levels.<\/p>\n<p>This variable costing template shows that FICraft Wearables Inc. spent 1,070,000 on variable costs in December 2024, while earning only 1,000,000 in revenue. As a result, the company posted a negative contribution margin of -70,000, which means its sales did not fully cover its variable expenses for the period.<\/p>\n<h4><strong>Example 2:<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>JDN, a phone case manufacturer, shared parts of its income statement for 2024. In 2024, the company produced 1,000,000 phone cases with total manufacturing costs of \u20b133,700,000 (around \u20b133.70 per phone case). Recently, they received a special order for 1,000,000 phone cases at a total cost of \u20b122,500,000.<\/p>\n<p>Although the company has enough production capacity, the manager hesitates to accept the special order because it is lower than the \u20b133,700,000 manufacturing cost stated in their financial report. As the company&#8217;s cost accountant, the manager asks for your input on whether to accept the order.<\/p>\n<p>It\u2019s important to note that the \u20b133,700,000 includes fixed costs like insurance, equipment, and utilities. Variable costing should be used to evaluate the special order.<\/p>\n<p>Direct materials cost \u20b18,325,000, direct labor is \u20b14,162,500, and variable overhead is \u20b14,440,000. Total variable costs amount to \u20b116,927,500 for 1,000,000 units, which equals \u20b116.93 per phone case.<\/p>\n<p>To produce the special order of 1,000,000 cases, the total variable cost is \u20b116,930,000. Thus, the contribution margin is \u20b122,500,000 &#8211; \u20b116,930,000 = \u20b15,570,000.<\/p>\n<p>The company should accept the special order based on the variable cost formula, as it will increase profits by \u20b15,570,000.<\/p>\n<p>The manager&#8217;s hesitation stemmed from mistakenly including fixed costs in the calculation. Since the company has enough capacity, there won\u2019t be additional fixed costs for producing the extra 1,000,000 units. This shows how important variable cost is for decision-making.<\/p>\n<h2><strong><span id=\"formula\">Formula and Calculation of Variable Costs<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-20012 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Banner-Yanda-5.webp\" alt=\"Formula and Calculation of Variable Costs\" width=\"1200\" height=\"650\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Banner-Yanda-5.webp 1200w, https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Banner-Yanda-5-300x163.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Banner-Yanda-5-1024x555.webp 1024w, https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Banner-Yanda-5-768x416.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Banner-Yanda-5-775x420.webp 775w, https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Banner-Yanda-5-150x81.webp 150w, https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Banner-Yanda-5-696x377.webp 696w, https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Banner-Yanda-5-1068x580.webp 1068w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>The total variable cost is calculated by multiplying the quantity of output by the variable cost per unit:<\/p>\n<h4><strong>Total Variable Cost = Total Quantity of Output x Variable Cost Per Unit of Output<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>Variable costing per unit can fluctuate based on the level of profit achieved. In most cases, these costs are determined by adding together the various types of variable costs described below.<\/p>\n<p>Additionally, if variable cost is incurred in batches, they may need to be allocated proportionally across the products produced in that batch to ensure accurate cost distribution.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Variable Cost vs Average Variable Cost<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Variable cost and average variable cost are related but different. Variable cost refers to the cost of producing one unit, while average variable cost (AVC) compares total variable costs to total output over time.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Average Variable Cost = Total Variable Costs \/ Total Output<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>These two measures can differ due to factors like price changes or wage adjustments. For example, an employee\u2019s hourly wage is a variable cost; if they receive a raise, the current variable cost increases, while the AVC reflects an average between past and current wages.<\/p>\n<p>AVC typically forms a U-shaped curve on a graph, helping companies identify the most efficient production level. By evaluating AVC, businesses can determine when to keep producing, reduce output, or temporarily shut down operations.<\/p>\n<p>Here is a table comparison of variable cost vs average variable cost:<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color: #990000; color: #ffffff; padding: 5px; text-align: center;\"><b>Aspects<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color: #990000; color: #ffffff; padding: 5px; text-align: center;\"><b>Variable Cost<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color: #990000; color: #ffffff; padding: 5px; text-align: center;\"><b>Average Variable Cost<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Definition<\/td>\n<td>Cost of producing one unit<\/td>\n<td>Average variable cost per unit across the total output<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Formula<\/td>\n<td>\u2014 (direct per-unit cost)<\/td>\n<td>Total Variable Costs \u00f7 Total Output<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Focus<\/td>\n<td>Per-unit expense<\/td>\n<td>Overall cost efficiency<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Changes over time<\/td>\n<td>Changes immediately with price or wage updates<\/td>\n<td>Shows a smoothed average over different periods<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Usage<\/td>\n<td>For pricing and marginal decisions<\/td>\n<td>For analyzing efficient production levels and shutdown points<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><strong>Variable Cost vs Fixed Cost<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Understanding the difference between variable cost and fixed cost is essential for managing a business effectively. Variable costing varies with production or sales levels, such as raw materials or direct labor.<\/p>\n<p>In contrast, fixed costs remain constant regardless of output, such as rent, salaries, or insurance. Variable costs provide flexibility and directly affect the cost per unit.<\/p>\n<p>Here is a table comparison of variable cost vs fixed cost:<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color: #990000; color: #ffffff; padding: 5px; text-align: center;\"><b>Aspects<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color: #990000; color: #ffffff; padding: 5px; text-align: center;\"><b>Variable Cost<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color: #990000; color: #ffffff; padding: 5px; text-align: center;\"><b>Average Variable Cost<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Definition<\/td>\n<td>Costs that change based on production volume<\/td>\n<td>Costs that remain constant regardless of production level<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Behavior<\/td>\n<td>Increases or decreases with output<\/td>\n<td>Stays the same even if output rises or falls<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Examples<\/td>\n<td>Raw materials, direct labor, shipping costs<\/td>\n<td>Rent, salaries of administrative staff, and insurance<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Calculation Impact<\/td>\n<td>Affects the cost per unit directly<\/td>\n<td>Cost per unit decreases as production increases<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Usage in decision-making<\/td>\n<td>Helps determine marginal cost and production adjustments<\/td>\n<td>Used for budgeting and understanding long-term financial obligations<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><b>Variable Costing vs Absorption Costing<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-20013 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Banner-Yanda-7.webp\" alt=\"Variable Costing vs Absorption Costing\" width=\"1200\" height=\"650\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Banner-Yanda-7.webp 1200w, https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Banner-Yanda-7-300x163.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Banner-Yanda-7-1024x555.webp 1024w, https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Banner-Yanda-7-768x416.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Banner-Yanda-7-775x420.webp 775w, https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Banner-Yanda-7-150x81.webp 150w, https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Banner-Yanda-7-696x377.webp 696w, https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Banner-Yanda-7-1068x580.webp 1068w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Both variable and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/absorption-costing\/\">absorption costing<\/a> have their respective advantages and drawbacks. Understanding these will help businesses make an informed choice for managing costs and improving decision-making.<\/span><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background-color: #990000; color: #ffffff; padding: 5px; text-align: center;\" width=\"50%\"><b>Variable Costing<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"background-color: #990000; color: #ffffff; padding: 5px; text-align: center;\" width=\"50%\"><b>Absorption Costing<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Includes only variable costs (materials, labor, overhead).<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Includes both variable costs and fixed costs (e.g., rent, salaries).<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Shows how variable costs impact profits directly.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fixed costs are not recognized until products are sold, affecting short-term profits.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Helps managers make quick decisions based on variable costs.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Provides a full view of all costs, supporting long-term production planning.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Useful for pricing special orders by focusing on variable cost.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This may lead to overpriced products if based on absorption cost (including fixed overhead).<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Finished goods are undervalued as variable cost is included only.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Higher inventory value due to the inclusion of fixed overhead in product costs.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Not GAAP-compliant, so not suitable for external financial reporting.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Compliant with GAAP, suitable for external and tax reporting.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">By understanding these advantages and disadvantages, businesses can better choose the right costing method to optimize financial management and decision-making.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><strong>Why External Financial Reports Do Not Allow the Use of Variable Costing<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"227\" data-end=\"620\">Financial reporting standards require that inventory valuation reflects all expenses involved in preparing goods for their intended use. This requirement is based on the accounting principle of matching costs with the revenue they generate. Absorption costing satisfies this principle more accurately by ensuring expenses are recognized in the same reporting period as the income they support.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"622\" data-end=\"849\">In contrast, variable costing does not effectively apply the matching principle. That\u2019s because it records certain costs, like fixed manufacturing overhead, immediately when incurred rather than when the related goods are sold.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"851\" data-end=\"1167\">If a company doesn\u2019t sell all produced inventory within the same year, this causes a misalignment between reported costs and earned revenue. Due to this inconsistency, variable costing isn\u2019t accepted for external reporting purposes. However, it is widely applied in internal reporting and management decision-making.<\/p>\n<h2><b>Automate Variable Cost Calculation with HashMicro<\/b><\/h2>\n<p>Tracking variable costing is crucial for managing production efficiently. Features like profit &amp; loss vs budget &amp; forecast and budget &amp; realization help you compare actual spending with your budget. With HashMicro, this process becomes easier, giving you clear insights to boost your profits.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/accounting-software\">HashMicro\u2019s Accounting Software<\/a> goes beyond by providing financial statements with budget comparison, so you can stay on top of variable cost, ensuring accurate financial control. Its automated reporting saves time and helps you make smarter, faster decisions, especially when integrated with effective <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/best-business-budgeting-software\/\">business budgeting software<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Need to track variable cost across branches or projects? HashMicro\u2019s multi-level analysis lets you compare costs effortlessly. With these features, you\u2019ll streamline cost management and boost your bottom line. Get your <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/free-product-tour\/\">free demo<\/a> of HashMicro Accounting Software today and see the difference!<\/p>\n<h2><b>Conclusion<\/b><\/h2>\n<p>In conclusion, variable costing provides a clear picture of production costs by focusing on expenses that change with production. Using the variable costing formula, businesses can make informed decisions for short-term planning. Comparing absorption and variable cost, the latter offers more flexibility for internal management.<\/p>\n<p>For accurate cost control, understanding the costing formula helps managers evaluate special orders without overestimating expenses. By analyzing variable cost examples, businesses can predict how increased production impacts profitability, avoiding mistakes in decision-making.<\/p>\n<p>If these methods seem complex, try <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/accounting-software\">HashMicro\u2019s Accounting Software<\/a>. It provides accurate financial analysis and reduces manual tasks like bookkeeping and asset depreciation. HashMicro also offers other useful features. Subukan mo na! Get your <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/free-product-tour\/\">free demo<\/a> today!<\/p>\n\n<h2><strong><b>Frequently Asked Questions about<\/b> Variable Costing<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul class=\"\u201cbottom_faq\u201d\">\n<li>\n<details>\n<summary><strong>How to use variable costing?<\/strong><\/summary>\n<p>Variable cost is determined by adding direct labor cost, direct material cost, and variable manufacturing overhead, then dividing by the total units produced. The variable costing formula is: (Direct Labor Cost + Direct Raw Material Cost + Variable Manufacturing Overhead) \u00f7 Number of Units Produced.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<details>\n<summary><strong>What is another name for variable costing?<\/strong><\/summary>\n<p>Variable costs, also known as prime or direct costs, fluctuate based on production levels. In contrast, fixed costs are time-based and remain steady over a specific period, while variable costs adjust according to changes in output volume.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<details>\n<summary><strong>What is the role of variable costing in decision making?<\/strong><\/summary>\n<p>Variable costing helps in decision-making by setting targets for product sales or services. It allows us to calculate the company&#8217;s break-even point, which is essential for establishing sales goals.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Variable costing is a costing method that includes only variable manufacturing expenses, such as materials, labor, and overhead. This approach helps businesses analyze profitability based solely on variable production expenses. Both absorption costing and variable costing are essential because they help companies determine accurate product costs. To simplify these calculations, HashMicro Accounting Software provides automated [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":49,"featured_media":17951,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[157],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-8112","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-accounting"},"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v26.6 (Yoast SEO v26.6) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Variable Costing: Definition, Example, and How to Calculate It<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Variable costing treats fixed overhead as a period expense, not a product cost. Learn how to calculate it with simple formulas and examples.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/variable-costing\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Variable Costing: Definition, Example, and How to Calculate It\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Variable costing treats fixed overhead as a period expense, not a product cost. Learn how to calculate it with simple formulas and examples.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/variable-costing\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"HashMicro Philippine Blog\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-09-13T06:36:27+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-04-13T08:48:56+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Variable-Costing.webp\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"461\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"259\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/webp\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Joshua Manalo\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Joshua Manalo\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"13 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/variable-costing\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/variable-costing\/\",\"name\":\"Variable Costing: Definition, Example, and How to Calculate It\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/variable-costing\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/variable-costing\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Variable-Costing.webp\",\"datePublished\":\"2024-09-13T06:36:27+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-04-13T08:48:56+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/ca237f5a7f4883340e31d99618ed987b\"},\"description\":\"Variable costing treats fixed overhead as a period expense, not a product cost. Learn how to calculate it with simple formulas and examples.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/variable-costing\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-PH\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/variable-costing\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-PH\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/variable-costing\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Variable-Costing.webp\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Variable-Costing.webp\",\"width\":461,\"height\":259,\"caption\":\"Variable costing\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/variable-costing\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Variable Costing: Definition, Example, and How to Calculate It\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/\",\"name\":\"HashMicro Philippine Blog\",\"description\":\"\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-PH\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/ca237f5a7f4883340e31d99618ed987b\",\"name\":\"Joshua Manalo\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-PH\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Joshua-Manalo-96x96.webp\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Joshua-Manalo-96x96.webp\",\"caption\":\"Joshua Manalo\"},\"description\":\"Joshua Manalo creates accounting-related content that simplifies complex financial concepts for a broader business audience. His articles are filled with practical tips, regulatory updates, and workflow enhancements.\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/author\/joshua-manalo\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO Premium plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Variable Costing: Definition, Example, and How to Calculate It","description":"Variable costing treats fixed overhead as a period expense, not a product cost. Learn how to calculate it with simple formulas and examples.","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/variable-costing\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Variable Costing: Definition, Example, and How to Calculate It","og_description":"Variable costing treats fixed overhead as a period expense, not a product cost. Learn how to calculate it with simple formulas and examples.","og_url":"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/variable-costing\/","og_site_name":"HashMicro Philippine Blog","article_published_time":"2024-09-13T06:36:27+00:00","article_modified_time":"2026-04-13T08:48:56+00:00","og_image":[{"width":461,"height":259,"url":"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Variable-Costing.webp","type":"image\/webp"}],"author":"Joshua Manalo","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"Joshua Manalo","Est. reading time":"13 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/variable-costing\/","url":"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/variable-costing\/","name":"Variable Costing: Definition, Example, and How to Calculate It","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/variable-costing\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/variable-costing\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Variable-Costing.webp","datePublished":"2024-09-13T06:36:27+00:00","dateModified":"2026-04-13T08:48:56+00:00","author":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/ca237f5a7f4883340e31d99618ed987b"},"description":"Variable costing treats fixed overhead as a period expense, not a product cost. Learn how to calculate it with simple formulas and examples.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/variable-costing\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-PH","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/variable-costing\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-PH","@id":"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/variable-costing\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Variable-Costing.webp","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Variable-Costing.webp","width":461,"height":259,"caption":"Variable costing"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/variable-costing\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Variable Costing: Definition, Example, and How to Calculate It"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/#website","url":"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/","name":"HashMicro Philippine Blog","description":"","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-PH"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/ca237f5a7f4883340e31d99618ed987b","name":"Joshua Manalo","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-PH","@id":"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Joshua-Manalo-96x96.webp","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Joshua-Manalo-96x96.webp","caption":"Joshua Manalo"},"description":"Joshua Manalo creates accounting-related content that simplifies complex financial concepts for a broader business audience. His articles are filled with practical tips, regulatory updates, and workflow enhancements.","url":"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/author\/joshua-manalo\/"}]}},"order_j":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8112","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/49"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8112"}],"version-history":[{"count":20,"href":"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8112\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":34375,"href":"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8112\/revisions\/34375"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/17951"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8112"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8112"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/ph\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8112"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}