{"id":74754,"date":"2025-08-08T03:00:50","date_gmt":"2025-08-08T03:00:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/blog\/?p=74754"},"modified":"2025-08-13T08:24:45","modified_gmt":"2025-08-13T08:24:45","slug":"project-costing","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/blog\/project-costing\/","title":{"rendered":"Project Costing 101: Definition and Methods"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Project costing is critical to successful project planning, yet it remains a common source of failure for many organizations. Inaccurate estimates, sudden scope changes, and poor budget visibility often lead to cost overruns, missed deadlines, and reduced profitability.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">According to the Project Management Institute (PMI), approximately <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pmi.org\/-\/media\/pmi\/documents\/public\/pdf\/learning\/thought-leadership\/pulse\/pulse-of-the-profession-2017.pdf?sc_lang_temp=en\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">28%<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of projects fail due to unrealistic cost estimates or poor budget management, a clear sign that project costing should never be treated as an afterthought.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To support more accurate and efficient costing, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/project-management-system\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">HashMicro Project Management Software<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> offers built-in features that help businesses plan, track, and control project budgets in real time. This ensures better decision-making and minimizes financial risks throughout the project lifecycle.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In this article, we\u2019ll examine project costing in more detail and explore the most commonly used estimation methods to help your team plan more confidently.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/free-product-tour\/?medium=free-product-tour\" target=\"_blank\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"712\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Free-Product-Tour-resized.webp\" alt=\"Free Demo\"><\/a> <!-- <div id=\"toc_group_article\" style=''>\r\n\t<p style='font-size:25px;font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:0px'>\r\n\t\tTable of Content:\r\n\t<\/p>\r\n\t<ul id=\"list_toc\" class='list_toc'><\/ul>\r\n<\/div> -->\r\n\r\n<!-- <div class=\"dropdown-fixed-top\" id=\"dropdown-fixed-top\">\r\n\t<div class=\"row\">\r\n\t\t<p id=\"pilihDaftarIsi\">Table of Content<\/p>\r\n\t\t<p><i class=\"td-icon-menu-down\"><\/i><\/p>\r\n\t<\/div>\r\n\t\r\n\t<div>\r\n\t\t<ul id=\"list_toc_top\" class='list_toc'><\/ul>\r\n\t<\/div>\r\n<\/div> -->\r\n\r\n<div id=\"placeholder-toc\"><\/div>\r\n<div id=\"toc\">\r\n    <div class=\"header\">\r\n\t<span class=\"toc-title\" id=\"toc-title\">Table of Content<\/span>\t\r\n\t <i class=\"toc-icon\">\r\n        <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#000\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" class=\"header-icon\">\r\n          <path d=\"m6 9 6 6 6-6\" \/>\r\n        <\/svg>\r\n      <\/i>\r\n\t<\/div>\r\n    <div class=\"list\">\r\n      <ul id=\"toc-list\"><\/ul>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n<style>\r\n\t@media (max-width: 992px) {\r\n\t\t#toc_group_article {\r\n\t\t\tpadding-top: 24px;\r\n\t\t}\r\n\t}\r\n\t\r\n\t#list_toc_float {\r\n\t\tmax-height: calc(100vh - 250px);\r\n\t\toverflow-y: auto;\r\n\t}\r\n\t\r\n\t#list_toc_top {\r\n\t\tdisplay: none;\r\n\t\tbackground: #fff;\r\n\t\tmargin-bottom: 4px;\r\n\t}\r\n\t\r\n\t#list_toc_top li {\r\n\t\tdisplay: block;\r\n\t\tmargin-left: 0;\r\n\t\tlist-style: none;\r\n\t}\r\n\t\r\n\t#list_toc_top a {\r\n\t\tpadding: 5px;\r\n\t\tdisplay: block;\r\n\t}\r\n\t\r\n\t#list_toc_top.show {\r\n\t\tdisplay: block;\r\n\t}\r\n\r\n\t#list_toc_top a {\r\n\t\tcolor: #434343;\r\n\t\tborder-bottom: 1px solid #bbb;\r\n\t}\r\n\t\r\n\t.dropdown-fixed-top {\r\n\t\tposition: fixed;\r\n\t\ttop: 59px;\r\n\t\twidth: 100%;\r\n\t\tz-index: 99;\r\n\t\tborder-bottom: 2px solid #9c171e;\r\n\t\tpadding: 12px;\r\n\t\tbackground: #fff;\r\n\t\twidth: 100%;\r\n\t\tcursor: pointer;\r\n\t\tdisplay: none;\r\n\t\tleft: 0;\r\n\t\tbox-shadow: 0 -2px 7px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17);\r\n\t}\r\n\t\r\n\t#dropdown-fixed-top.show {\r\n\t\tanimation: showAnim 0.5s ease;\r\n\t\tdisplay: block;\r\n\t\topacity: 1;\r\n\t}\r\n\t\r\n\t@keyframes showAnim {\r\n\t\tfrom 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{color:#b1252d;background: #ffe1e3;}\r\n\t#list_toc_float li a {padding:3px 7px}\r\n\t#list_toc_float li a {\r\n\t\tdisplay: block;\r\n\t\tcolor: #000;\r\n\t\tmargin-bottom: 6px;\r\n\t\tpadding-top: 2px;\r\n\t\tpadding-bottom: 2px;\r\n\t\ttransition: all 0.2s ease-in-out;\r\n\t\tfont-size: 15px;\r\n\t\tline-height: 18px;\r\n\t}\r\n\t#list_toc_float li{list-style:none;list-style-position:inside; margin-left:0;}\r\n\t#list_toc_float a:hover{color:#b1252d;}\r\n\t\r\n\t#toc_group_float{\r\n\t\tline-height: 24px;\r\n\t\tmax-height: calc(100vh - 100px);\r\n\t\toverflow: auto;\r\n\t\tz-index: 99;\r\n\t\tdisplay:none!important;\r\n\t\tbackground:#fff;\r\n\t\ttransition:all 0.5s linear\r\n\t}\r\n\t\r\n\t@media (min-width:1019px){\r\n\t\t#toc_group_float {\r\n\t\t\tdisplay:block!important;\r\n\t\t\t}\r\n\t\t\t\t#toc_group_article {\r\n\t\t\tdisplay:none;\r\n\t\t}\r\n\t}\r\n\r\n<\/style>\r\n\r\n<!-- ToC styling  -->\r\n<style>\r\n\t\/* Simple styling for the TOC *\/\r\n\t\r\n\t#toc ul 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font-weight: 600 !important;\r\n  color: #393939;\r\n   margin-bottom: 0;\r\n  \/* margin-top: 20px; *\/\r\n}\r\n\r\n.toc-icon{\r\n  float: right;\r\n\/*   visibility: hidden; *\/\r\n}\r\n\r\n\t.toc-title{\r\n\t\tmargin-right: auto;\r\n\/* \t\tpadding-left: 20px; *\/\r\n\t\tfont-weight: 600;\r\n\t\talign-self: center;\t}\t\r\n\r\n#toc ul {\r\n  list-style-type: none;\r\n  padding-left: 0;\r\n}\r\n\t\r\n#toc.sticky ul{\r\n\toverflow-y: auto;\r\n\tmax-height: 250px;\r\n\tmargin-top: 0px;\r\n\tpadding-top: 20px;\r\n\/* \tborder-top: 1px solid #d3d3d3; *\/\r\n}\r\n\t\r\n#toc ul li {\r\n\/*   margin-bottom: 10px; *\/\r\n  margin-bottom: 10px;\r\n\tmargin-left: 0;\r\n\ttransition: .2s ease;\r\n\tcursor: pointer;\r\n}\r\n\t\r\n\t#toc.sticky ul li {\r\n\t  margin-right: 10px;\r\n\t}\r\n\t\r\n.td-post-content #toc-list li a:hover, .td-post-content #toc-list a.active{\r\n\tbackground-color: #FFF;\r\n\/* \tpadding: 8px 16px 8px 16px; *\/\r\n\tpadding: 4px 16px 4px 16px;\r\n\tborder-radius: 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ease;\r\n\tpadding: 12px 16px !important;\r\n}\r\n\t\r\n\t.fadein{\r\n\t\tanimation: fadein .3s ease;\r\n\t}\r\n\t\r\n\t.fadeout{\r\n\t\tanimation: fadeout .3s ease;\r\n\t}\r\n\t\r\n\t\r\n\t@keyframes fadein{\r\n\t\t0% {\r\n\t\t\topacity: 0;\r\n\t\t}\r\n\t\t100%{\r\n\t\t\topacity: 1;\r\n\t\t}\r\n\t}\r\n\t\r\n\t@keyframes fadeout{\r\n\t\t0% {\r\n\t\t\topacity: 1;\r\n\t\t}\r\n\t\t100%{\r\n\t\t\topacity: 0;\r\n\t\t}\r\n\t}\r\n\r\n\t\r\n#toc.sticky .header p{\r\n\tmargin-bottom: 10px;\r\n\tmargin-top: 10px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n#toc.sticky .toc-icon{\r\n  visibility: visible;\r\n\/* \ttransition: 0.4s ease; *\/\r\n}\r\n\t\r\n\t.toc-icon{\r\n\t\talign-items: center;\r\n    \tdisplay: flex;\r\n\t}\r\n\t\r\n\tsvg.header-icon{\r\n\/* \t\tbackground-color: #9c171e; *\/\r\n\t\tbackground-color: #FFF;\r\n\t\tborder-radius: 30px;\r\n\t\tpadding: 5px;\r\n\t}\r\n\r\n#toc.sticky .list{\r\n\/*   max-height: 0; *\/\r\n  transition: height 0.4s ease;\r\n}\r\n\t\r\n\t#toc .list{\r\n\/*   max-height: 0; *\/\r\n  transition: height 0.4s ease;\r\n}\r\n\r\n#toc .header.active .toc-icon{\r\n\ttransform: rotate(0deg); \r\n\topacity: 1;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\t#toc .header.active + .list {\r\n\t  max-height: 200px; \/* Adjust this value as needed *\/\r\n\t  opacity: 1;\r\n\t}\r\n\t\r\n\t#placeholder-toc{\r\n\/* \t\tdisplay: none; *\/\r\n\t}\r\n\t\r\n\t@media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 991px){\r\n\t\t#toc.sticky{\r\n\/* \t\t\ttop: 104px; *\/\r\n\t\t\tbottom: 0px;\r\n\t\t}\r\n\t\t\r\n\t\t#toc{\r\n\t\t\twidth: unset !important;\r\n\t\t}\r\n\t}\r\n\t\r\n\t@media (max-width: 767px){\r\n\t\t#toc{\r\n\t\t\twidth: 100% !important;\r\n\t\t\tdisplay: inline-block;\r\n\t\t}\r\n\t\t\r\n\t\t#toc.sticky{\r\n\t\t\twidth: 90% !important;\r\n\/* \t\t\ttop: 81px; *\/\r\n\t\t\tbottom: 60px;\r\n\t\t\tmargin-left: auto;\r\n\t\t\tmargin-right: auto;\r\n\t\t\tpadding: 0 16px;\r\n\t\t\tright: 5%;\r\n\t\t}\r\n\t}\r\n\t\r\n\t<\/style>\r\n\r\n<!-- ToC List for mobile -->\r\n<script>\r\n \/\/ Generate TOC based on headings\r\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\r\n  \/\/ Get the element that will contain the TOC\r\n  const tocList = document.getElementById('toc-list');\r\n\r\n  \/\/ Get the element with the ID 'article-left'\r\n  const article = document.querySelector('.td-post-content');\r\n\r\n  \/\/ Find all h2 elements within 'myarticle'\r\n  const headers = article.getElementsByTagName('h2');\r\n\r\n  \/\/ Loop through the h2 elements and create a list item for each one\r\n  for (let i = 0; i < headers.length; i++) {\r\n    const header = headers[i];\r\n    const headerText = header.textContent;\r\n\/\/     const headerId = 'header-' + i;\r\n    const headerId = headerText\r\n    .toLowerCase()\r\n    .trim()\r\n    .replace(\/[^\\w\\s-]\/g, '')  \/\/ hapus tanda baca\r\n    .replace(\/\\s+\/g, '-'); \/\/ ganti spasi jadi \"-\"\r\n\r\n    \/\/ Set an ID for the header if it doesn't have one\r\n    header.setAttribute('id', headerId);\r\n\r\n    \/\/ Create a list item for the TOC\r\n    const listItem = document.createElement('li');\r\n\r\n    \/\/ Create a link for the list item\r\n    const link = document.createElement('a');\r\n    link.setAttribute('href', '#' + headerId);\r\n    link.textContent = headerText;\r\n\r\n    \/\/ Append the link to the list item\r\n    listItem.appendChild(link);\r\n\r\n    \/\/ Append the list item to the TOC list\r\n    tocList.appendChild(listItem);\r\n  }\r\n});\r\n\r\n\/\/ Keep height and placement of content using placeholder in place of TOC\r\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\r\n  const toc = document.querySelector('#toc');\r\n  const placeholderToc = document.querySelector('#placeholder-toc');\r\n\r\n  function setPlaceholderHeight() {\r\n    placeholderToc.style.height = `${toc.offsetHeight}px`;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  \/\/ Set the initial height of the placeholder\r\n  setPlaceholderHeight();\r\n\r\n  \/\/ Update the height on window resize\r\n  window.addEventListener('resize', setPlaceholderHeight);\r\n});\r\n  const tocTitle = document.querySelector('#toc-title'); \/\/ Assuming header-faq is the element for TOC title\r\n\r\n\/\/ Sticky TOC and update heading\r\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\r\n  const toc = document.querySelector('#toc');\r\n  const footer = document.querySelector('.td-footer-template-wrap');\r\n  const tocParent = toc.parentElement;\r\n  const divTop = tocParent.getBoundingClientRect().top + window.pageYOffset;\r\n  const tocHeight = toc.offsetHeight;\r\n  const triggerPoint = divTop + tocHeight + 700;\r\n  const footerHeight = footer.offsetHeight;\r\n  const triggerFooterPoint = footer.getBoundingClientRect().top + window.pageYOffset - footerHeight - footerHeight - footerHeight;\r\n  const phtoc = document.querySelector('#placeholder-toc');\r\n  const headers = document.querySelectorAll('.td-post-content h2');\r\n  const navLinks = document.querySelectorAll('#toc-list a');\r\n\t\r\n\tconst panel2 = document.querySelector(\"#toc .list\");\r\n\tvar icon = document.querySelector(\".toc-icon\");\r\n\r\n  let activeLink = null; \/\/ Declare activeLink outside the loop\r\n\t\r\n  \/\/ Function to handle scroll and add\/remove .sticky class\r\n  function handleScroll() {\r\n    const windowTop = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;\r\n    let currentHeader = '';\r\n\r\n    \/\/ Highlight user progress as the heading comes\r\n    headers.forEach(header => {\r\n\t\tconst headerTop = header.offsetTop;\r\n\t\tconst headerHeight = header.clientHeight;\r\n\t\tif (window.scrollY >= (headerTop - headerHeight + 700)) {\r\n\t\t\tconst currentHeaderId = header.getAttribute('id');\r\n\t\t\tconst currentHeaderText = document.getElementById(currentHeaderId).textContent;\r\n\/\/ \t\t\tconsole.log(\"current header text:\", currentHeaderText);\r\n\t\t\ttocTitle.textContent = currentHeaderText;\r\n\t\t\tcurrentHeader = currentHeaderId;\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\tif(window.innerWidth < 767){\r\n\t\t\t\ttocTitle.textContent = 'Table of Content';\r\n\t\t\t}\r\n\t\t}\r\n\t});\r\n\r\n    navLinks.forEach(link => {\r\n      link.classList.remove('active');\r\n      if(currentHeader != '') {\r\n\t\t  if (link.getAttribute('href').includes(currentHeader)) {\r\n\t\t\t  link.classList.add('active');\r\n\t\t  }\r\n\t  }\r\n    });\r\n\/\/     if (windowTop < triggerFooterPoint) {\r\n\/\/         toc.style.display = 'block';\r\n\/\/ \t}else{\r\n\/\/         toc.style.display = 'none';\r\n\/\/ \t}\r\n    \/\/ Update TOC title if sticky\r\n    if (windowTop > triggerPoint) {\r\n      if (!toc.classList.contains('sticky')) {\r\n        phtoc.style.display = \"block\";\r\n        toc.classList.add('sticky');\r\n        toc.style.width = `${tocParent.offsetWidth}px`; \/\/ Set width to match the parent element\r\n        toc.setAttribute('style', 'width: ' + tocParent.offsetWidth + 'px !important;');\r\n        toc.style.backgroundColor = \"#FFF\";\r\n\t\tpanel2.style.height = '0px';\r\n\t\t  icon.style.transform = \"rotate(180deg)\";\r\n\t\t  if(window.innerWidth < 767){\r\n\/\/ \t\t\t  const tocs = document.querySelector('#toc.sticky');\r\n\t\t\t  tocTitle.textContent = 'Table of Content'; \/\/ Reset title\r\n       \t\t  toc.style.width = '150px'; \/\/ Set width to match the parent element\r\n\t\t  }\r\n      }\r\n      if (currentHeader) {\r\n\/\/         console.log(\"activeLink:\", activeLink);\r\n        if (activeLink) {\r\n\/\/           tocTitle.textContent = activeLink.textContent; \/\/ Update TOC title\r\n          tocTitle.textContent = activeLink ? activeLink.textContent : \"\"; \/\/ Update title only if activeLink exists\r\n        }\r\n      }\r\n    } else {\r\n      toc.classList.remove('sticky');\r\n      phtoc.style.display = \"none\";\r\n      toc.style.width = 'unset'; \/\/ Reset to original width\r\n      toc.style.backgroundColor = \"#FFF\";\r\n      tocTitle.textContent = 'Table of Content'; \/\/ Reset title\r\n\t\tpanel2.style.height = panel2.scrollHeight + \"px\";\r\n\t\ticon.style.transform = \"rotate(180deg)\";\r\n    }\r\n  }\r\n\r\n    \/\/ Attach the scroll event listener to the window\r\n    window.addEventListener('scroll', handleScroll);\r\n\r\n    \/\/ Initial call to handleScroll to set the correct state on load\r\n    handleScroll();\r\n});\r\n\t\r\n\t\/\/ Open toggle TOC\r\n\t  document.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\r\n\t\tvar tocHeader = document.querySelector(\"#toc .header\");\r\n\t\tvar toc = document.querySelector(\"#toc\");\r\n\t\tvar icon = document.querySelector(\".toc-icon\");\r\n\t\tconst tocTitle = document.querySelector('#toc-title');\r\n\t\tconst tocs = document.querySelector('#toc.sticky');\r\n \t\tconst tocParent = toc.parentElement;\t\t  \r\n\r\n\t\t  tocHeader.addEventListener(\"click\", function() {\r\n\t\t\tvar panel = this.nextElementSibling;\r\n\t\t\tif (panel.style.height !== '0px') { \/\/ Check if height is not 0px\r\n\t\t\t  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\t\t\tdropdownContent.classList.toggle('show');\r\n\/\/ \t\t});\r\n\r\n\/\/ \t\twindow.addEventListener('click', function(event) {\r\n\/\/ \t\t\tvar listTocTop = document.getElementById('list_toc_top');\r\n\r\n\/\/ \t\t\tif (!dropdownFixedTop.contains(event.target)) {\r\n\/\/ \t\t\t\tlistTocTop.classList.remove('show');\r\n\/\/ \t\t\t}\r\n\/\/ \t\t});\r\n\/\/ \t});\r\n\t\r\n\/\/ \tvar daftarIsiContainer = document.getElementById('toc_group_article');\r\n\/\/ \tvar dropdownFixedTop = document.getElementById('dropdown-fixed-top');\r\n\/\/     var triggered = false; \/\/ Flag to keep track of whether the function has been triggered\r\n\r\n\/\/     window.addEventListener('scroll', function() {\r\n\/\/         if (!triggered && isCompletelyScrolledPast(daftarIsiContainer)) {\r\n\/\/             showSectionDropdownFixedTop(false);\r\n\/\/             triggered = true;\r\n\/\/         } else if (triggered && !isCompletelyScrolledPast(daftarIsiContainer)) {\r\n\/\/             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null;\r\n\r\n    const tocItems = document.querySelectorAll(`.${tocClass} li`);\r\n    tocItems.forEach(item => {\r\n      const a = item.querySelector('a');\r\n      if (!a) return;\r\n      const href = a.getAttribute('href');\r\n      const targetId = href.substring(1); \/\/ Remove the '#' from the href to get the target ID\r\n      const targetElement = document.getElementById(targetId);\r\n      if (!targetElement) return;\r\n\r\n      const targetTop = targetElement.getBoundingClientRect().top + scrollPosition;\r\n      const nextItem = item.nextElementSibling;\r\n      const nextTop = nextItem ? nextItem.getBoundingClientRect().top + scrollPosition : Infinity;\r\n\r\n      if (targetTop <= scrollPosition + 150) {\r\n        if (a.parentElement.parentElement === tocItems) {\r\n          \/\/ The h2 heading is at the root level of the TOC\r\n          activeH2 = { id: targetId, level: 'h2' };\r\n        } else {\r\n          \/\/ The h3 heading is nested under an h2 heading\r\n    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document.querySelectorAll(`.${tocClass} li`);\r\n    tocItems.forEach(item => {\r\n      const a = item.querySelector('a');\r\n      if (!a) return;\r\n      const href = a.getAttribute('href');\r\n      const targetId = href.substring(1); \/\/ Remove the '#' from the href to get the target ID\r\n      const targetElement = document.getElementById(targetId);\r\n      if (!targetElement) return;\r\n\r\n      const targetTop = targetElement.getBoundingClientRect().top + scrollPosition;\r\n      const nextItem = item.nextElementSibling;\r\n      const nextTop = nextItem ? nextItem.getBoundingClientRect().top + scrollPosition : Infinity;\r\n\r\n      if (targetTop <= scrollPosition + 150) {\r\n        if (a.parentElement.parentElement === tocItems) {\r\n          \/\/ The h2 heading is at the root level of the TOC\r\n          activeH2 = { id: targetId, level: 'h2' };\r\n        } else {\r\n          \/\/ The h3 heading is nested under an h2 heading\r\n          const parentH2 = a.parentElement.parentElement.previousElementSibling;\r\n          if (parentH2) {\r\n            const h2Link = parentH2.querySelector('a');\r\n            if (h2Link) {\r\n              const h2Href = h2Link.getAttribute('href');\r\n              const h2Id = h2Href.substring(1);\r\n              activeH2 = { id: h2Id, level: 'h2' };\r\n            }\r\n          }\r\n          activeH3 = { id: targetId, level: 'h3' };\r\n        }\r\n      }\r\n\r\n      if (targetTop > scrollPosition + 150 && nextTop > scrollPosition + 150 && !activeH3) {\r\n        \/\/ Reset the activeH2 when there are no more active h3 headings\r\n        activeH2 = null;\r\n      }\r\n    });\r\n\r\n    \/\/ Update the active state for the TOC items\r\n    tocItems.forEach(item => {\r\n      item.classList.remove('active');\r\n      const a = item.querySelector('a');\r\n      if (a) {\r\n        const href = a.getAttribute('href');\r\n        const targetId = href.substring(1);\r\n        if ((activeH2 && activeH2.id === targetId) || (activeH3 && activeH3.id === targetId)) {\r\n          item.classList.add('active');\r\n        }\r\n      }\r\n    });\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  \/\/ Call scrollSpy for each TOC on window scroll\r\n  const tocClasses = ['list_toc', 'list_toc_float']; \/\/ Add other TOC class names here if you have more than two instances\r\n  tocClasses.forEach(tocClass => {\r\n    window.addEventListener('scroll', () => scrollSpy(tocClass));\r\n  });\r\n<\/script>\r\n\t\r\n\r\n<!-- ToC List for desktop side bar, diganti jadi inject by php, di code snippet \"Sidebar Accordion\" -->\r\n<!--  <script>\r\n\tdocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\r\nToC List for desktop side bar, diganti jadi inject by php, di code snippet \"Sidebar Accordion\"\r\n        Fungsi untuk mengubah teks menjadi format id\r\n        function formatId(text) {\r\n            return text.trim().replace(\/[^\\w\\d]+\/g, '_');\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        \/\/ Fungsi untuk membuat nested list\r\n        function createNestedList(parentNode, children) {\r\n            if (children.length === 0) return;\r\n\r\n            const nestedUl = document.createElement('ul');\r\n            children.forEach(child => {\r\n                const nestedLi = document.createElement('li');\r\n                const nestedA = document.createElement('a');\r\n                nestedA.textContent = child.title;\r\n                nestedA.href = `#${child.id}`;\r\n                nestedLi.appendChild(nestedA);\r\n                nestedUl.appendChild(nestedLi);\r\n\r\n                if (child.children.length > 0) {\r\n                    createNestedList(nestedLi, child.children);\r\n                }\r\n            });\r\n\r\n            parentNode.appendChild(nestedUl);\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        \/\/ Membuat objek untuk menyimpan daftar h2 dan h3 beserta judulnya\r\n        const headings = [];\r\n\r\n           \/\/ Mengambil semua elemen h2 dan h3\r\n        const elements = document.querySelectorAll('.td-post-content h2');\r\n\t\t\t\/\/, .td-post-content h3\r\n\r\n        elements.forEach(element => {\r\n            if (element.tagName === 'H2') {\r\n                const id = formatId(element.textContent);\r\n                element.id = id;\r\n\t\t\t\tif (element.textContent.toLowerCase() === \"key takeaways\") {return;} \/\/ Kalau Key Takeaways, jangan dimasukin\r\n                headings.push({ level: 'h2', id: id, title: element.textContent, children: [] });\r\n            } else if (element.tagName === 'H3') {\r\n                const id = formatId(element.textContent);\r\n                element.id = id;\r\n                if (headings.length > 0) {\r\n                    headings[headings.length - 1].children.push({ level: 'h3', id: id, title: element.textContent, children: [] });\r\n                }\r\n            }\r\n        });\r\n\r\n        \/\/ Membuat list HTML dari objek headings\r\n        const ul = document.getElementById('list_toc');\r\n        let currentUl = ul;\r\n        headings.forEach(heading => {\r\n            const li = document.createElement('li');\r\n            const a = document.createElement('a');\r\n            a.textContent = heading.title;\r\n            a.href = `#${heading.id}`;\r\n            li.appendChild(a);\r\n\r\n            if (heading.level === 'h2') {\r\n                \/\/ Menyimpan ul saat ini untuk menambahkan nested ul\r\n                currentUl = li;\r\n                ul.appendChild(li);\r\n            } else if (heading.level === 'h3') {\r\n                if (!currentUl.lastElementChild || currentUl.lastElementChild.tagName !== 'UL') {\r\n                    \/\/ Jika belum ada nested ul, buat satu\r\n                    const nestedUl = document.createElement('ul');\r\n                    currentUl.appendChild(nestedUl);\r\n                    currentUl = nestedUl;\r\n                }\r\n                currentUl.appendChild(li);\r\n            }\r\n\r\n            createNestedList(li, heading.children);\r\n        });\r\n\t\tDapatkan elemen ul dengan id 'list_toc_float'\r\nconst ulFloat = document.getElementById('list_toc');\r\nconst ulJourney = document.getElementById('list_journey');\r\n\r\nDapatkan isi (child elements) dari ul dengan id 'list_toc_float'\r\n\tif (ulFloat !== null) {\r\n\t\tconst clonedChildren = ulFloat.cloneNode(true).children;\r\n\t\tconst ulToc = document.getElementById('list_toc_float');\r\n\t\tconst ulTocTop = document.getElementById('list_toc_top');\r\n\t\tif ((ulToc !== null || ulToc !== undefined) && window.innerWidth > 1018){\r\n\t\t\tulToc.append(...clonedChildren);\r\n\t\t} else {\r\n\t\t\tulTocTop.append(...clonedChildren);\r\n\t\t}\r\n\t} \r\n\r\n\tif (ulJourney !== null) {\r\n\t\tconst clonedChildrenJourney = ulJourney.cloneNode(true).children;\r\n\t\tconst ulTocJourney = document.getElementById('list_toc_journey');\r\n\t\tulTocJourney.append(...clonedChildrenJourney);\r\n\t} \r\n\t\r\n        Fungsi untuk mengambil tinggi navbar\r\n        function getNavbarHeight() {\r\n            const navbar = document.getElementById('tdi_34');\r\n            return navbar ? navbar.offsetHeight : 0;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        \/\/ Fungsi untuk menambahkan offset posisi scroll\r\n        function scrollToElementWithOffset(elementId) {\r\n            const element = document.getElementById(elementId);\r\n            if (element) {\r\n                const offset = getNavbarHeight();\r\n                const elementPosition = element.getBoundingClientRect().top;\r\n                const offsetPosition = elementPosition - offset-40;\r\n\r\n                window.scrollBy({\r\n                    top: offsetPosition,\r\n                    behavior: 'smooth'\r\n                });\r\n            }\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        \/\/ Fungsi untuk menangani klik pada tautan judul\r\n        function handleTitleClick(event) {\r\n            event.preventDefault();\r\n            const href = event.target.getAttribute('href').substr(1);\r\n            scrollToElementWithOffset(href);\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        \/\/ Tambahkan event listener untuk semua tautan judul\r\n        const titleLinks = document.querySelectorAll('a[href^=\"#\"]');\r\n        titleLinks.forEach(link => {\r\n            link.addEventListener('click', handleTitleClick);\r\n        });\r\n\t});\r\n    <\/script> -->\r\n<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; background-color: #fffacd; box-shadow: 0 4px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); border-radius: 25px 25px 25px 25px;\" width=\"100%\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"padding: 15px; border: none;\">\n<h3 style=\"margin-bottom: 10px;\"><span style=\"background-color: #990000; color: #ffffff; padding: 5px;\"><b>Key Takeaways<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"25\" data-end=\"136\"><a href=\"#what\">Project costing<\/a> helps estimate, budget, and control expenses to ensure projects stay profitable and on track.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"140\" data-end=\"261\"><a href=\"#methods\">Methods<\/a> like top-down, bottom-up, earned value, and three-point estimating offer different approaches to cost accuracy.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"265\" data-end=\"379\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/project-management-system\">HashMicro Project Management<\/a> provides automation and real-time insights to optimize cost control and efficiency.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span data-sheets-root=\"1\"><style>\r\n.button-cta-custom {\r\n    background-color: #8a0e19;\r\n    color: #fff !important;\r\n    -webkit-transition: all .3s ease;\r\n    transition: all .3s ease;\r\n    padding: 8px 24px;\r\n    display: inline-block;\r\n    border-radius: 8px;\r\n    font-size: 16px;\r\n    font-weight: bold;\r\n}\r\n.button-cta-custom:hover{\r\n\tbackground-color:#991b26\t\t\r\n}\r\n<\/style>\r\n<a class=\"button-cta-custom\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/free-product-tour\/?medium=cta-button\" target=\"_blank\">Book a Demo Now!<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><strong>What Is Estimating Project Costing?<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><span id=\"what\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Estimating project costing is forecasting the total expenses required to complete a project within a defined scope and timeline. This includes direct costs such as labor, materials, and equipment, as well as indirect costs like overhead, administrative fees, and contingency reserves.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Project cost estimation aims to set a budget and create a financial roadmap that supports informed decision-making, efficient resource allocation, and risk mitigation throughout the project lifecycle.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cost estimation can be performed at different project stages, ranging from rough estimates (ballpark estimates) during the early planning phase to more detailed and accurate calculations as the scope becomes clearer.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><strong>Benefits of Project Cost Management<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When done right, project cost management doesn&#8217;t just prevent overspending it supports better planning, smoother execution, and stronger stakeholder relationships. Here are four key benefits you can expect:<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1. Improved budget accuracy<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Effective cost management allows teams to build realistic budgets by factoring in both direct and indirect costs, historical data, and potential risks. This minimizes the chances of underestimation and keeps financial planning aligned with project goals.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2. Better financial control<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>With continuous monitoring, project managers can track actual spending versus the planned budget in real time. This helps detect issues early and make timely adjustments. Using a rolling forecast further enhances control by regularly updating financial projections.<\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3. Smarter decision-making<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Access to accurate cost data helps stakeholders make informed decisions, whether reallocating resources, adjusting scope, or responding to unexpected changes while maintaining financial stability.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">4. Greater stakeholder confidence<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Transparent cost management practices demonstrate professionalism and accountability. When clients and executives see consistent reporting and budget discipline, trust increases, supporting smoother collaboration.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><strong>The Four Steps in Project Cost Management<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/project-cost-management.webp\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-74765 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/project-cost-management.webp\" alt=\"project cost management\" width=\"1200\" height=\"675\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/project-cost-management.webp 1200w, https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/project-cost-management-300x169.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/project-cost-management-1024x576.webp 1024w, https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/project-cost-management-768x432.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/project-cost-management-747x420.webp 747w, https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/project-cost-management-150x84.webp 150w, https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/project-cost-management-696x392.webp 696w, https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/project-cost-management-1068x601.webp 1068w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Project cost management is a crucial discipline that ensures projects are completed within their financial limits. This process is typically divided into four key steps that guide project managers from initial planning to final cost control:<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1. Resource planning<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This first step involves identifying all the resources needed to complete the project such as labor, materials, equipment, and services. Proper resource planning sets the foundation for accurate cost estimation by defining what will be required, when, and in what quantity.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2. Cost estimating<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Once resources are identified, cost estimating calculates the expected expenses associated with each item. Estimations include direct costs (e.g., salaries, materials) and indirect costs (e.g., overhead, administrative fees).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Techniques like expert judgment, historical data analysis, and parametric models are commonly used to improve accuracy.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3. Cost budgeting<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cost budgeting involves aggregating estimated costs into a formal budget. This step allocates funds to specific project activities or phases, establishes spending limits, and creates contingency reserves for unforeseen issues.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">4. Cost control<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The final step, cost control, monitors actual expenditures against the budget. It detects variances and potential overruns early, enabling project managers to take corrective actions. Effective cost control helps keep the project financially on track and supports informed decision-making.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><strong>How to Calculate Project Costs<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Calculating project costs accurately is essential for maintaining profitability and ensuring projects stay within budget. Different cost calculation methods may be more suitable depending on your project\u2019s nature and requirements. Here are the common approaches:<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1. Hourly<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This method calculates costs based on the hours worked multiplied by each resource\u2019s hourly rate. It is ideal for projects with flexible or evolving scopes, allowing budget adjustments as work progresses.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For instance, if a development team works 100 hours at $100 per hour, the total cost for that period would be $10,000.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2. Flat rate<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A fixed price is agreed upon upfront to cover the entire project scope. This method suits projects with clearly defined deliverables and timelines, providing predictability in budgeting.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A marketing campaign priced at $20,000 would include all phases from planning to execution, regardless of hours spent.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3. Cost plus<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The client pays for actual costs incurred plus a markup or fee as profit. This approach is common in projects where estimating total costs upfront is challenging, such as construction. For example, if materials and labor cost $50,000 with a 20% markup, the client pays $60,000.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">4. Value-based pricing<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pricing is based on the value or benefit delivered rather than the actual cost. This is appropriate for projects with high-impact outcomes, like consulting services that boost a client\u2019s revenue.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span id=\"methods\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If a consultant\u2019s strategy increases revenue by $1 million, charging 10% of that amount $100,000, aligns price with value.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><strong>Project Cost Management Methods<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Effective project cost management relies on selecting the proper methods to estimate, track, and control costs. Different projects require different approaches depending on their complexity, data availability, and accuracy needs. Below are four widely used cost management methods:<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1. Top-down estimating<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This method starts with an overall budget set by senior management or based on similar past projects. The total cost is then broken down into smaller parts or phases.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Top-down estimating is quick and useful in early project stages, but it can lack detail and accuracy because it relies on high-level assumptions.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2. Bottom-up estimating<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bottom-up estimating involves calculating costs for individual tasks or work packages in detail and then aggregating them to determine the total project cost. This approach provides greater accuracy and control but requires more time and detailed project information.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3. Earned Value Management (EVM)<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">EVM is a performance measurement technique that integrates project scope, schedule, and cost data.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It compares the planned value of work with the actual work completed and costs incurred to assess project health. EVM helps identify cost variances early and supports informed decision-making.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">4. Three-point estimating<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This technique considers three cost estimates: optimistic, pessimistic, and most likely. By calculating a weighted average, it accounts for uncertainty and risk, resulting in more realistic cost predictions. It\u2019s advantageous when task durations or resource availability vary.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Project cost management is the process of planning, estimating, budgeting, and controlling costs to ensure a project is completed within its approved budget.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Its importance cannot be overstated, as effective cost management helps prevent overspending, improves resource allocation, and increases the likelihood of project success.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/project-management-system\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">HashMicro Project Management Software<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> offers integrated tools that simplify cost estimation, real-time budget tracking, and performance analysis to streamline this complex process. With HashMicro, businesses can gain better financial control and make informed decisions throughout the project lifecycle.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Take the first step toward more efficient project cost management. Try a <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/free-product-tour\/\"><b>free demo<\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of HashMicro Project Management Software today and experience how it can transform your project budgeting and execution.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/project-based-erp-software?medium=moneysite-banner\" target=\"_blank\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"712\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/CTA-Blog-SG-10.png\" alt=\"Management Project\"><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<h3><strong>FAQ About Project Costing<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul class=\"bottom_faq\">\n<li>\n<details>\n<summary><strong>What is project costing in accounting?<\/strong><\/summary>\n<p>Project accounting, also known as project cost accounting, monitors expenses related to a specific project while also managing billing and revenue recognition to assess its profitability. In contrast, standard business accounting records expenses, income, and budgets across the entire organization.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<details>\n<summary><strong>What are the three components of project cost?<\/strong><\/summary>\n<p>The overall project cost encompasses hard costs, indirect expenses, project-specific costs, organizational expenses, and contingency funds.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<details>\n<summary><strong>What is the difference between project cost and budget?<\/strong><\/summary>\n<p>Budgets are generally set and serve as the authorized financial plan for a project, with any changes typically needing formal approval. In contrast, cost forecasting provides flexibility, enabling adjustments to estimated expenses as the project advances.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n{\n  \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n  \"@type\": \"FAQPage\",\n  \"mainEntity\": [{\n    \"@type\": \"Question\",\n    \"name\": \"What is project costing in accounting?\",\n    \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n      \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n      \"text\": \"Project accounting, also known as project cost accounting, monitors expenses related to a specific project while also managing billing and revenue recognition to assess its profitability. 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In contrast, cost forecasting provides flexibility, enabling adjustments to estimated expenses as the project advances.\"\n    }\n  }]\n}\n<\/script><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Project costing is critical to successful project planning, yet it remains a common source of failure for many organizations. Inaccurate estimates, sudden scope changes, and poor budget visibility often lead to cost overruns, missed deadlines, and reduced profitability. According to the Project Management Institute (PMI), approximately 28% of projects fail due to unrealistic cost estimates [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":218,"featured_media":74766,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[94],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-74754","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-project-based"},"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v26.6 (Yoast SEO v26.6) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Project Costing 101: Definition and Methods<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Explore project costing basics, key methods, and how HashMicro Project Management helps control costs effectively.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, 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