{"id":5116,"date":"2026-06-11T20:44:41","date_gmt":"2026-06-11T10:44:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/au\/blog\/?p=5116"},"modified":"2026-06-11T20:44:41","modified_gmt":"2026-06-11T10:44:41","slug":"construction-estimating","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/au\/blog\/construction-estimating\/","title":{"rendered":"Construction Estimating: Methods, Costs, and Best Practices"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Construction estimating is the process of calculating the expected cost of a construction project before work begins. It helps contractors and project teams understand how much a project is likely to cost and whether it can be delivered within budget.<\/p>\n<p>Estimating involves calculating costs for materials, labour, equipment, overheads, and other project expenses. These figures are then used to prepare budgets, pricing, and project plans.<\/p>\n<!-- <div id=\"toc_group_article\" style=''>\r\n\t<p style='font-size:25px;font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:0px'>\r\n\t\tTable of Content:\r\n\t<\/p>\r\n\t<ul id=\"list_toc\" class='list_toc'><\/ul>\r\n<\/div> -->\r\n\r\n<!-- <div class=\"dropdown-fixed-top\" id=\"dropdown-fixed-top\">\r\n\t<div class=\"row\">\r\n\t\t<p id=\"pilihDaftarIsi\">Table of Content<\/p>\r\n\t\t<p><i class=\"td-icon-menu-down\"><\/i><\/p>\r\n\t<\/div>\r\n\t\r\n\t<div>\r\n\t\t<ul id=\"list_toc_top\" class='list_toc'><\/ul>\r\n\t<\/div>\r\n<\/div> -->\r\n\r\n<div id=\"placeholder-toc\"><\/div>\r\n<div id=\"toc\">\r\n    <div class=\"header\">\r\n\t<span class=\"toc-title\" id=\"toc-title\">Table of Content<\/span>\t\r\n\t <i class=\"toc-icon\">\r\n        <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#000\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" class=\"header-icon\">\r\n          <path d=\"m6 9 6 6 6-6\" \/>\r\n        <\/svg>\r\n      <\/i>\r\n\t<\/div>\r\n    <div class=\"list\">\r\n      <ul id=\"toc-list\"><\/ul>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n<style>\r\n\t@media (max-width: 992px) {\r\n\t\t#toc_group_article {\r\n\t\t\tpadding-top: 24px;\r\n\t\t}\r\n\t}\r\n\t\r\n\t#list_toc_float {\r\n\t\tmax-height: calc(100vh - 250px);\r\n\t\toverflow-y: auto;\r\n\t}\r\n\t\r\n\t#list_toc_top {\r\n\t\tdisplay: none;\r\n\t\tbackground: #fff;\r\n\t\tmargin-bottom: 4px;\r\n\t}\r\n\t\r\n\t#list_toc_top li {\r\n\t\tdisplay: block;\r\n\t\tmargin-left: 0;\r\n\t\tlist-style: none;\r\n\t}\r\n\t\r\n\t#list_toc_top a {\r\n\t\tpadding: 5px;\r\n\t\tdisplay: block;\r\n\t}\r\n\t\r\n\t#list_toc_top.show {\r\n\t\tdisplay: block;\r\n\t}\r\n\r\n\t#list_toc_top a {\r\n\t\tcolor: #434343;\r\n\t\tborder-bottom: 1px solid #bbb;\r\n\t}\r\n\t\r\n\t.dropdown-fixed-top {\r\n\t\tposition: fixed;\r\n\t\ttop: 59px;\r\n\t\twidth: 100%;\r\n\t\tz-index: 99;\r\n\t\tborder-bottom: 2px solid #9c171e;\r\n\t\tpadding: 12px;\r\n\t\tbackground: #fff;\r\n\t\twidth: 100%;\r\n\t\tcursor: pointer;\r\n\t\tdisplay: none;\r\n\t\tleft: 0;\r\n\t\tbox-shadow: 0 -2px 7px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17);\r\n\t}\r\n\t\r\n\t#dropdown-fixed-top.show {\r\n\t\tanimation: showAnim 0.5s ease;\r\n\t\tdisplay: block;\r\n\t\topacity: 1;\r\n\t}\r\n\t\r\n\t@keyframes showAnim {\r\n\t\tfrom {\r\n\t\t\tdisplay: none;\r\n\t\t\topacity: 0;\r\n\t\t}\r\n\t\tto {\r\n\t\t\tdisplay: block;\r\n\t\t\topacity: 1;\r\n\t\t}\r\n\t}\r\n\t\r\n\t.dropdown-fixed-top #list_toc_top {\r\n\t\tmax-height: calc(50vh - 110px);\r\n\t\toverflow-y: scroll;\r\n\t}\r\n\t\r\n\t.dropdown-fixed-top .row {\r\n\t\tdisplay: flex;\r\n\t\tjustify-content: space-between\r\n\t}\r\n\t\r\n\t.dropdown-fixed-top .row p {\r\n\t\tmargin-bottom: 0;\r\n\t}\r\n\t\r\n\t#pilihDaftarIsi {\r\n\t\tmax-width: 100%;\r\n\t\toverflow: hidden;\r\n\t\twhite-space: nowrap;\r\n\t}\r\n\t\r\n\t@media (min-width: 1018px) {\r\n\t\t.dropdown-fixed-top {\r\n\t\t\tdisplay: none;\r\n\t\t}\r\n\t}\r\n\t\r\n\t#list_toc li {margin-bottom: 0;margin-top: 5px;}\r\n\t#list_toc > li > ul {padding-left: 20px;margin-bottom: 0;}\r\n\t#list_toc{height:max-content;transition:ease-in-out}\r\n\t#list_toc li {margin-bottom: 0;margin-top: 5px;}\r\n\t#list_toc_float li.active > a {color:#b1252d;background: #ffe1e3;}\r\n\t#list_toc_top li.active > a {color:#b1252d;background: #ffe1e3;}\r\n\t#list_toc_float li a {padding:3px 7px}\r\n\t#list_toc_float li a {\r\n\t\tdisplay: block;\r\n\t\tcolor: #000;\r\n\t\tmargin-bottom: 6px;\r\n\t\tpadding-top: 2px;\r\n\t\tpadding-bottom: 2px;\r\n\t\ttransition: all 0.2s ease-in-out;\r\n\t\tfont-size: 15px;\r\n\t\tline-height: 18px;\r\n\t}\r\n\t#list_toc_float li{list-style:none;list-style-position:inside; margin-left:0;}\r\n\t#list_toc_float a:hover{color:#b1252d;}\r\n\t\r\n\t#toc_group_float{\r\n\t\tline-height: 24px;\r\n\t\tmax-height: calc(100vh - 100px);\r\n\t\toverflow: auto;\r\n\t\tz-index: 99;\r\n\t\tdisplay:none!important;\r\n\t\tbackground:#fff;\r\n\t\ttransition:all 0.5s linear\r\n\t}\r\n\t\r\n\t@media (min-width:1019px){\r\n\t\t#toc_group_float {\r\n\t\t\tdisplay:block!important;\r\n\t\t\t}\r\n\t\t\t\t#toc_group_article {\r\n\t\t\tdisplay:none;\r\n\t\t}\r\n\t}\r\n\r\n<\/style>\r\n\r\n<!-- ToC styling  -->\r\n<style>\r\n\t\/* Simple styling for the TOC *\/\r\n\t\r\n\t#toc ul li:last-child {\r\n    padding-bottom: 16px; \/* Adjust the value as needed *\/\r\n}\r\n\r\n.td-fix-index {\r\n\t transform: unset !important;\r\n     -webkit-transform: unset !important; \r\n}\r\n.footer-contact .td-fix-index {\r\n\t transform: translateZ(0) !important;\r\n     -webkit-transform: translateZ(0) !important; \r\n}\r\n\t.tdb_single_content .tdb-block-inner.td-fix-index{\r\n\t\tposition: static;\r\n\t}\r\n\t\r\n\r\n\t\r\n#toc {\r\n  background-color: #FFF;\r\n\tpadding: 17px 24px 0px 24px !important;\r\n  margin-bottom: 20px;\r\n\/*   border: 1px solid #9C171E; *\/\r\n  border-radius: 6px;\r\n\tdisplay: none;\r\n  max-width: 100%;\r\n  transition: .4s ease height;\r\n\tmargin-left: 0;\r\n\toverflow: hidden;\r\n}\r\n\r\n#toc .header{\r\n  display: flex;\r\n  align-items: center;\r\n  justify-content: space-between;\r\n\tbackground-color: transparent;\r\n}\r\n\t\r\n\t#toc.sticky .header{\r\n\t\tpadding: 4px 0;\r\n\t}\r\n\t\r\n.header p{\r\n  font-size: 18px !important;\r\n  font-weight: 600 !important;\r\n  color: #393939;\r\n   margin-bottom: 0;\r\n  \/* margin-top: 20px; *\/\r\n}\r\n\r\n.toc-icon{\r\n  float: right;\r\n\/*   visibility: hidden; *\/\r\n}\r\n\r\n\t.toc-title{\r\n\t\tmargin-right: auto;\r\n\/* \t\tpadding-left: 20px; *\/\r\n\t\tfont-weight: 600;\r\n\t\talign-self: center;\t}\t\r\n\r\n#toc ul {\r\n  list-style-type: none;\r\n  padding-left: 0;\r\n}\r\n\t\r\n#toc.sticky ul{\r\n\toverflow-y: auto;\r\n\tmax-height: 250px;\r\n\tmargin-top: 0px;\r\n\tpadding-top: 20px;\r\n\/* \tborder-top: 1px solid #d3d3d3; *\/\r\n}\r\n\t\r\n#toc ul li {\r\n\/*   margin-bottom: 10px; *\/\r\n  margin-bottom: 10px;\r\n\tmargin-left: 0;\r\n\ttransition: .2s ease;\r\n\tcursor: pointer;\r\n}\r\n\t\r\n\t#toc.sticky ul li {\r\n\t  margin-right: 10px;\r\n\t}\r\n\t\r\n.td-post-content #toc-list li a:hover, .td-post-content #toc-list a.active{\r\n\tbackground-color: #FFF;\r\n\/* \tpadding: 8px 16px 8px 16px; *\/\r\n\tpadding: 4px 16px 4px 16px;\r\n\tborder-radius: 6px;\r\n\tcolor: #9c171e !important;\r\n\tfont-weight: 600 !important;\r\n}\r\n\t\r\n\t.td-post-content #toc-list li:hover a, .td-post-content #toc-list a.active{\r\n\t\tcolor: #9C171E !important;\r\n\t\tfont-weight: 600 !important;\r\n\t}\r\n\t\r\n.td-post-content #toc-list a.active{\r\n\tfont-weight: bold !important;\r\n\tcolor: #9C171E !important;\r\n}\r\n\t\r\n#toc a, .td-post-content #toc-list a {\r\n  text-decoration: none;\r\n  color: #ea1717 !important;\r\n  transition: .2s ease;\r\n\tfont-weight: 400 !important;\r\n\tdisplay: block;\r\n\t\r\n\tpadding: 4px 16px 4px 0;\r\n}\r\n\r\n#toc.sticky {\r\n  position: fixed;\r\n\/*   top: 73px; *\/\r\n\tbottom: 0;\r\n  z-index: 100; \r\n  box-shadow: 0 2px 5px rgba(0,0,0,0.1); \r\n\twidth: 100%; \r\n\tbackground-color: #FFF;\r\n\/* \tbackground-color: #FFF1F1; *\/\r\n\tborder-bottom: 1px solid #ea1717;\r\n\/*   border: 1px solid #393939; *\/\r\n  box-shadow: 0px 0px 14px 0px #00000040;\r\n  cursor: pointer;\r\n\tanimation: fadein .3s ease;\r\n\tpadding: 12px 16px !important;\r\n}\r\n\t\r\n\t.fadein{\r\n\t\tanimation: fadein .3s ease;\r\n\t}\r\n\t\r\n\t.fadeout{\r\n\t\tanimation: fadeout .3s ease;\r\n\t}\r\n\t\r\n\t\r\n\t@keyframes fadein{\r\n\t\t0% {\r\n\t\t\topacity: 0;\r\n\t\t}\r\n\t\t100%{\r\n\t\t\topacity: 1;\r\n\t\t}\r\n\t}\r\n\t\r\n\t@keyframes fadeout{\r\n\t\t0% {\r\n\t\t\topacity: 1;\r\n\t\t}\r\n\t\t100%{\r\n\t\t\topacity: 0;\r\n\t\t}\r\n\t}\r\n\r\n\t\r\n#toc.sticky .header p{\r\n\tmargin-bottom: 10px;\r\n\tmargin-top: 10px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n#toc.sticky .toc-icon{\r\n  visibility: visible;\r\n\/* \ttransition: 0.4s ease; *\/\r\n}\r\n\t\r\n\t.toc-icon{\r\n\t\talign-items: center;\r\n    \tdisplay: flex;\r\n\t}\r\n\t\r\n\tsvg.header-icon{\r\n\/* \t\tbackground-color: #9c171e; *\/\r\n\t\tbackground-color: #FFF;\r\n\t\tborder-radius: 30px;\r\n\t\tpadding: 5px;\r\n\t}\r\n\r\n#toc.sticky .list{\r\n\/*   max-height: 0; *\/\r\n  transition: height 0.4s ease;\r\n}\r\n\t\r\n\t#toc .list{\r\n\/*   max-height: 0; *\/\r\n  transition: height 0.4s ease;\r\n}\r\n\r\n#toc .header.active .toc-icon{\r\n\ttransform: rotate(0deg); \r\n\topacity: 1;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\t#toc .header.active + .list {\r\n\t  max-height: 200px; \/* Adjust this value as needed *\/\r\n\t  opacity: 1;\r\n\t}\r\n\t\r\n\t#placeholder-toc{\r\n\/* \t\tdisplay: none; *\/\r\n\t}\r\n\t\r\n\t@media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 991px){\r\n\t\t#toc.sticky{\r\n\/* \t\t\ttop: 104px; *\/\r\n\t\t\tbottom: 0px;\r\n\t\t}\r\n\t\t\r\n\t\t#toc{\r\n\t\t\twidth: unset !important;\r\n\t\t}\r\n\t}\r\n\t\r\n\t@media (max-width: 767px){\r\n\t\t#toc{\r\n\t\t\twidth: 100% !important;\r\n\t\t\tdisplay: inline-block;\r\n\t\t}\r\n\t\t\r\n\t\t#toc.sticky{\r\n\t\t\twidth: 90% !important;\r\n\/* \t\t\ttop: 81px; *\/\r\n\t\t\tbottom: 60px;\r\n\t\t\tmargin-left: auto;\r\n\t\t\tmargin-right: auto;\r\n\t\t\tpadding: 0 16px;\r\n\t\t\tright: 5%;\r\n\t\t}\r\n\t}\r\n\t\r\n\t<\/style>\r\n\r\n<!-- ToC List for mobile -->\r\n<script>\r\n \/\/ Generate TOC based on headings\r\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\r\n  \/\/ Get the element that will contain the TOC\r\n  const tocList = document.getElementById('toc-list');\r\n\r\n  \/\/ Get the element with the ID 'article-left'\r\n  const article = document.querySelector('.td-post-content');\r\n\r\n  \/\/ Find all h2 elements within 'myarticle'\r\n  const headers = article.getElementsByTagName('h2');\r\n\r\n  \/\/ Loop through the h2 elements and create a list item for each one\r\n  for (let i = 0; i < headers.length; i++) {\r\n    const header = headers[i];\r\n    const headerText = header.textContent;\r\n\/\/     const headerId = 'header-' + i;\r\n    const headerId = headerText\r\n    .toLowerCase()\r\n    .trim()\r\n    .replace(\/[^\\w\\s-]\/g, '')  \/\/ hapus tanda baca\r\n    .replace(\/\\s+\/g, '-'); \/\/ ganti spasi jadi \"-\"\r\n\r\n    \/\/ Set an ID for the header if it doesn't have one\r\n    header.setAttribute('id', headerId);\r\n\r\n    \/\/ Create a list item for the TOC\r\n    const listItem = document.createElement('li');\r\n\r\n    \/\/ Create a link for the list item\r\n    const link = document.createElement('a');\r\n    link.setAttribute('href', '#' + headerId);\r\n    link.textContent = headerText;\r\n\r\n    \/\/ Append the link to the list item\r\n    listItem.appendChild(link);\r\n\r\n    \/\/ Append the list item to the TOC list\r\n    tocList.appendChild(listItem);\r\n  }\r\n});\r\n\r\n\/\/ Keep height and placement of content using placeholder in place of TOC\r\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\r\n  const toc = document.querySelector('#toc');\r\n  const placeholderToc = document.querySelector('#placeholder-toc');\r\n\r\n  function setPlaceholderHeight() {\r\n    placeholderToc.style.height = `${toc.offsetHeight}px`;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  \/\/ Set the initial height of the placeholder\r\n  setPlaceholderHeight();\r\n\r\n  \/\/ Update the height on window resize\r\n  window.addEventListener('resize', setPlaceholderHeight);\r\n});\r\n  const tocTitle = document.querySelector('#toc-title'); \/\/ Assuming header-faq is the element for TOC title\r\n\r\n\/\/ Sticky TOC and update heading\r\ndocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\r\n  const toc = document.querySelector('#toc');\r\n  const footer = document.querySelector('.td-footer-template-wrap');\r\n  const tocParent = toc.parentElement;\r\n  const divTop = tocParent.getBoundingClientRect().top + window.pageYOffset;\r\n  const tocHeight = toc.offsetHeight;\r\n  const triggerPoint = divTop + tocHeight + 700;\r\n  const footerHeight = footer.offsetHeight;\r\n  const triggerFooterPoint = footer.getBoundingClientRect().top + window.pageYOffset - footerHeight - footerHeight - footerHeight;\r\n  const phtoc = document.querySelector('#placeholder-toc');\r\n  const headers = document.querySelectorAll('.td-post-content h2');\r\n  const navLinks = document.querySelectorAll('#toc-list a');\r\n\t\r\n\tconst panel2 = document.querySelector(\"#toc .list\");\r\n\tvar icon = document.querySelector(\".toc-icon\");\r\n\r\n  let activeLink = null; \/\/ Declare activeLink outside the loop\r\n\t\r\n  \/\/ Function to handle scroll and add\/remove .sticky class\r\n  function handleScroll() {\r\n    const windowTop = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;\r\n    let currentHeader = '';\r\n\r\n    \/\/ Highlight user progress as the heading comes\r\n    headers.forEach(header => {\r\n\t\tconst headerTop = header.offsetTop;\r\n\t\tconst headerHeight = header.clientHeight;\r\n\t\tif (window.scrollY >= (headerTop - headerHeight + 700)) {\r\n\t\t\tconst currentHeaderId = header.getAttribute('id');\r\n\t\t\tconst currentHeaderText = document.getElementById(currentHeaderId).textContent;\r\n\/\/ \t\t\tconsole.log(\"current header text:\", currentHeaderText);\r\n\t\t\ttocTitle.textContent = currentHeaderText;\r\n\t\t\tcurrentHeader = currentHeaderId;\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\tif(window.innerWidth < 767){\r\n\t\t\t\ttocTitle.textContent = 'Table of Content';\r\n\t\t\t}\r\n\t\t}\r\n\t});\r\n\r\n    navLinks.forEach(link => {\r\n      link.classList.remove('active');\r\n      if(currentHeader != '') {\r\n\t\t  if (link.getAttribute('href').includes(currentHeader)) {\r\n\t\t\t  link.classList.add('active');\r\n\t\t  }\r\n\t  }\r\n    });\r\n\/\/     if (windowTop < triggerFooterPoint) {\r\n\/\/         toc.style.display = 'block';\r\n\/\/ \t}else{\r\n\/\/         toc.style.display = 'none';\r\n\/\/ \t}\r\n    \/\/ Update TOC title if sticky\r\n    if (windowTop > triggerPoint) {\r\n      if (!toc.classList.contains('sticky')) {\r\n        phtoc.style.display = \"block\";\r\n        toc.classList.add('sticky');\r\n        toc.style.width = `${tocParent.offsetWidth}px`; \/\/ Set width to match the parent element\r\n        toc.setAttribute('style', 'width: ' + tocParent.offsetWidth + 'px !important;');\r\n        toc.style.backgroundColor = \"#FFF\";\r\n\t\tpanel2.style.height = '0px';\r\n\t\t  icon.style.transform = \"rotate(180deg)\";\r\n\t\t  if(window.innerWidth < 767){\r\n\/\/ \t\t\t  const tocs = document.querySelector('#toc.sticky');\r\n\t\t\t  tocTitle.textContent = 'Table of Content'; \/\/ Reset title\r\n       \t\t  toc.style.width = '150px'; \/\/ Set width to match the parent element\r\n\t\t  }\r\n      }\r\n      if (currentHeader) {\r\n\/\/         console.log(\"activeLink:\", activeLink);\r\n        if (activeLink) {\r\n\/\/           tocTitle.textContent = activeLink.textContent; \/\/ Update TOC title\r\n          tocTitle.textContent = activeLink ? activeLink.textContent : \"\"; \/\/ Update title only if activeLink exists\r\n        }\r\n      }\r\n    } else {\r\n      toc.classList.remove('sticky');\r\n      phtoc.style.display = \"none\";\r\n      toc.style.width = 'unset'; \/\/ Reset to original width\r\n      toc.style.backgroundColor = \"#FFF\";\r\n      tocTitle.textContent = 'Table of Content'; \/\/ Reset title\r\n\t\tpanel2.style.height = panel2.scrollHeight + \"px\";\r\n\t\ticon.style.transform = \"rotate(180deg)\";\r\n    }\r\n  }\r\n\r\n    \/\/ Attach the scroll event listener to the window\r\n    window.addEventListener('scroll', handleScroll);\r\n\r\n    \/\/ Initial call to handleScroll to set the correct state on load\r\n    handleScroll();\r\n});\r\n\t\r\n\t\/\/ Open toggle TOC\r\n\t  document.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\r\n\t\tvar tocHeader = document.querySelector(\"#toc .header\");\r\n\t\tvar toc = document.querySelector(\"#toc\");\r\n\t\tvar icon = document.querySelector(\".toc-icon\");\r\n\t\tconst tocTitle = document.querySelector('#toc-title');\r\n\t\tconst tocs = document.querySelector('#toc.sticky');\r\n \t\tconst tocParent = toc.parentElement;\t\t  \r\n\r\n\t\t  tocHeader.addEventListener(\"click\", function() {\r\n\t\t\tvar panel = this.nextElementSibling;\r\n\t\t\tif (panel.style.height !== '0px') { \/\/ Check if height is not 0px\r\n\t\t\t  panel.style.height = '0px'; \/\/ Set height to 0 for full collapse\r\n\t\t\t  icon.style.transform = \"rotate(180deg)\";\r\n\/\/ \t\t\t\ttoc.style.paddingBottom = '6px'; \r\n\t\t\t\tif(window.innerWidth > 768){\r\n\t\t\t\t\tif(!toc.classList.contains('sticky')){\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\ttoc.style.width = \"unset\";\r\n\/\/ \t\t\t\t\t\ttoc.setAttribute('style', 'width: ' + tocParent.offsetWidth + 'px !important;');\r\n\t\t\t\t\t}\r\n\t\t\t\t\tif (toc.classList.contains('sticky')){\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\ttoc.style.width = '${tocParent.offsetWidth}px';\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\ttoc.setAttribute('style', 'width: ' + tocParent.offsetWidth + 'px !important;');\r\n\t\t\t\t\t}\r\n\t\t\t\t}\r\n\t\t\t\tif(window.innerWidth < 767){\r\n\t\t\t\t\ttoc.style.width = \"unset\"; \/\/ Reset width\r\n\t\t\t\t}\r\n\t\t\t\ttoc.style.backgroundColor = \"#FFF1F1\";\r\n\t\t\t} else {\r\n\t\t\t  panel.style.height = panel.scrollHeight + \"px\";\r\n\t\t\t  icon.style.transform = \"rotate(0deg)\";\r\n\t\t\t  toc.style.backgroundColor = \"#FFF\";\r\n\t\t\t  tocTitle.textContent = 'Table of Content'; \/\/ Reset title\r\n\t\t\t\ttoc.style.paddingBottom = '24px';\r\n\t\t\t \tif(window.innerWidth < 767){\r\n\t\t\t\t\ttoc.style.width = `${tocParent.offsetWidth}px`; \/\/ Set width to match the parent element\r\n\t\t\t\t\ttoc.setAttribute('style', 'width: ' + tocParent.offsetWidth + 'px !important;');\r\n\t\t\t\t}\r\n\t\t\t}\r\n\t\t  });\r\n\r\n\t\t  \/\/ Close TOC when a link inside it is clicked\r\n\t\t  var tocLinks = document.querySelectorAll(\"#toc .list a\");\r\n\t\t  tocLinks.forEach(function(link) {\r\n\t\t\tlink.addEventListener(\"click\", function() {\r\n\t\t\t  var panel = document.querySelector(\"#toc .list\");\r\n\t\t\t  panel.style.height = '0px'; \/\/ Set height to 0 for full collapse\r\n\t\t\t  icon.style.transform = \"rotate(180deg)\";\r\n\t\t\t  toc.style.backgroundColor = \"#FFF\";\r\n\t\t\t});\r\n\t\t  });\r\n\t\t});\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\/\/ \tmake the heading at the center of the viewport\r\n\/\/ \tdocument.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function() {\r\n\/\/     \/\/ Add click event listener to all links in the TOC list\r\n\/\/     document.querySelectorAll('#toc-list a').forEach(anchor => {\r\n\/\/         anchor.addEventListener('click', function (e) {\r\n\/\/             e.preventDefault(); \/\/ Prevent the default behavior of jumping to the anchor\r\n\/\/ \/\/ \t\t\tconsole.log(\"prevent default\");\r\n\/\/             const targetId = this.getAttribute('href').substring(1); \/\/ Get the ID of the target element\r\n\/\/             const targetElement = document.getElementById(targetId); \/\/ Get the target element\r\n\r\n\/\/             if (targetElement) {\r\n\/\/                 const headerHeight = document.querySelector('#toc .header').offsetHeight; \/\/ Get the height of the fixed header\r\n\/\/                 const windowHeight = window.innerHeight; \/\/ Get the height of the viewport\r\n\/\/                 const targetOffset = targetElement.offsetTop; \/\/ Get the top offset of the target element\r\n\/\/                 const scrollTo = targetOffset + (windowHeight \/ 2) + (headerHeight); \/\/ Calculate the scroll position to center the target element\r\n\r\n\/\/                 \/\/ Scroll to the calculated position smoothly\r\n\/\/                 window.scrollTo({\r\n\/\/                     top: scrollTo,\r\n\/\/                     behavior: 'smooth'\r\n\/\/                 });\r\n\/\/             }\r\n\/\/         });\r\n\/\/     });\r\n\/\/ });\r\n<\/script>\r\n\r\n<!-- START script lama -->\r\n<!-- <script>\r\n\/\/ \tvar pilihDaftarIsi = document.getElementById('pilihDaftarIsi');\r\n\t\r\n\/\/ \tdocument.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function() {\r\n\/\/ \t\tvar dropdownFixedTop = document.querySelector('.dropdown-fixed-top');\r\n\r\n\/\/ \t\tdropdownFixedTop.addEventListener('click', function() {\r\n\/\/ \t\t\tvar dropdownContent = this.querySelector('.list_toc');\r\n\/\/ \t\t\tdropdownContent.classList.toggle('show');\r\n\/\/ \t\t});\r\n\r\n\/\/ \t\twindow.addEventListener('click', function(event) {\r\n\/\/ \t\t\tvar listTocTop = document.getElementById('list_toc_top');\r\n\r\n\/\/ \t\t\tif (!dropdownFixedTop.contains(event.target)) {\r\n\/\/ \t\t\t\tlistTocTop.classList.remove('show');\r\n\/\/ \t\t\t}\r\n\/\/ \t\t});\r\n\/\/ \t});\r\n\t\r\n\/\/ \tvar daftarIsiContainer = document.getElementById('toc_group_article');\r\n\/\/ \tvar dropdownFixedTop = document.getElementById('dropdown-fixed-top');\r\n\/\/     var triggered = false; \/\/ Flag to keep track of whether the function has been triggered\r\n\r\n\/\/     window.addEventListener('scroll', function() {\r\n\/\/         if (!triggered && isCompletelyScrolledPast(daftarIsiContainer)) {\r\n\/\/             showSectionDropdownFixedTop(false);\r\n\/\/             triggered = true;\r\n\/\/         } else if (triggered && !isCompletelyScrolledPast(daftarIsiContainer)) {\r\n\/\/             showSectionDropdownFixedTop(true);\r\n\/\/             triggered = false;\r\n\/\/         }\r\n\/\/     });\r\n\r\n\/\/     function isCompletelyScrolledPast(element) {\r\n\/\/         var elementTop = element.getBoundingClientRect().top;\r\n\/\/         var elementBottom = element.getBoundingClientRect().bottom;\r\n\/\/         return elementTop < 0 && elementBottom < 0;\r\n\/\/     }\r\n\r\n\/\/     function showSectionDropdownFixedTop(show) {\r\n\/\/ \t\tif (show) {\r\n\/\/ \t\t\tdropdownFixedTop.classList.remove(\"show\");\r\n\/\/ \t\t} else {\r\n\/\/ \t\t\tdropdownFixedTop.classList.add(\"show\");\r\n\/\/ \t\t}\r\n\/\/     }\r\n<\/script> -->\r\n<!-- <script>\r\n    \/\/ Scrollspy function to highlight the active TOC item based on the scroll position\r\n  function scrollSpy(tocClass) {\r\n    const scrollPosition = window.scrollY;\r\n\r\n    \/\/ Find the active h2 and h3 headings based on their position in the corresponding TOC\r\n    let activeH2 = null;\r\n    let activeH3 = null;\r\n\r\n    const tocItems = document.querySelectorAll(`.${tocClass} li`);\r\n    tocItems.forEach(item => {\r\n      const a = item.querySelector('a');\r\n      if (!a) return;\r\n      const href = a.getAttribute('href');\r\n      const targetId = href.substring(1); \/\/ Remove the '#' from the href to get the target ID\r\n      const targetElement = document.getElementById(targetId);\r\n      if (!targetElement) return;\r\n\r\n      const targetTop = targetElement.getBoundingClientRect().top + scrollPosition;\r\n      const nextItem = item.nextElementSibling;\r\n      const nextTop = nextItem ? nextItem.getBoundingClientRect().top + scrollPosition : Infinity;\r\n\r\n      if (targetTop <= scrollPosition + 150) {\r\n        if (a.parentElement.parentElement === tocItems) {\r\n          \/\/ The h2 heading is at the root level of the TOC\r\n          activeH2 = { id: targetId, level: 'h2' };\r\n        } else {\r\n          \/\/ The h3 heading is nested under an h2 heading\r\n          const parentH2 = a.parentElement.parentElement.previousElementSibling;\r\n          if (parentH2) {\r\n            const h2Link = parentH2.querySelector('a');\r\n            if (h2Link) {\r\n              const h2Href = h2Link.getAttribute('href');\r\n              const h2Id = h2Href.substring(1);\r\n              activeH2 = { id: h2Id, level: 'h2' };\r\n            }\r\n          }\r\n          activeH3 = { id: targetId, level: 'h3' };\r\n        }\r\n      }\r\n\r\n      if (targetTop > scrollPosition + 150 && nextTop > scrollPosition + 150 && !activeH3) {\r\n        \/\/ Reset the activeH2 when there are no more active h3 headings\r\n        activeH2 = null;\r\n      }\r\n    });\r\n\r\n    \/\/ Update the active state for the TOC items\r\n    tocItems.forEach(item => {\r\n      item.classList.remove('active');\r\n      const a = item.querySelector('a');\r\n      if (a) {\r\n        const href = a.getAttribute('href');\r\n        const targetId = href.substring(1);\r\n        if ((activeH2 && activeH2.id === targetId) || (activeH3 && activeH3.id === targetId)) {\r\n          item.classList.add('active');\r\n\t\t  pilihDaftarIsi.innerHTML = a.textContent;\r\n        }\r\n      }\r\n    });\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  \/\/ Call scrollSpy for each TOC on window scroll\r\n  const tocClasses = ['list_toc', 'list_toc_float', 'list_toc_top']; \/\/ Add other TOC class names here if you have more than two instances\r\n  tocClasses.forEach(tocClass => {\r\n    window.addEventListener('scroll', () => scrollSpy(tocClass));\r\n  });\r\n<\/script> -->\r\n<!-- END script lama -->\r\n\t\r\n<script>\r\n    \/\/ Scrollspy function to highlight the active TOC item based on the scroll position\r\n  function scrollSpy(tocClass) {\r\n    const scrollPosition = window.scrollY;\r\n\r\n    \/\/ Find the active h2 and h3 headings based on their position in the corresponding TOC\r\n    let activeH2 = null;\r\n    let activeH3 = null;\r\n\r\n    const tocItems = document.querySelectorAll(`.${tocClass} li`);\r\n    tocItems.forEach(item => {\r\n      const a = item.querySelector('a');\r\n      if (!a) return;\r\n      const href = a.getAttribute('href');\r\n      const targetId = href.substring(1); \/\/ Remove the '#' from the href to get the target ID\r\n      const targetElement = document.getElementById(targetId);\r\n      if (!targetElement) return;\r\n\r\n      const targetTop = targetElement.getBoundingClientRect().top + scrollPosition;\r\n      const nextItem = item.nextElementSibling;\r\n      const nextTop = nextItem ? nextItem.getBoundingClientRect().top + scrollPosition : Infinity;\r\n\r\n      if (targetTop <= scrollPosition + 150) {\r\n        if (a.parentElement.parentElement === tocItems) {\r\n          \/\/ The h2 heading is at the root level of the TOC\r\n          activeH2 = { id: targetId, level: 'h2' };\r\n        } else {\r\n          \/\/ The h3 heading is nested under an h2 heading\r\n          const parentH2 = a.parentElement.parentElement.previousElementSibling;\r\n          if (parentH2) {\r\n            const h2Link = parentH2.querySelector('a');\r\n            if (h2Link) {\r\n              const h2Href = h2Link.getAttribute('href');\r\n              const h2Id = h2Href.substring(1);\r\n              activeH2 = { id: h2Id, level: 'h2' };\r\n            }\r\n          }\r\n          activeH3 = { id: targetId, level: 'h3' };\r\n        }\r\n      }\r\n\r\n      if (targetTop > scrollPosition + 150 && nextTop > scrollPosition + 150 && !activeH3) {\r\n        \/\/ Reset the activeH2 when there are no more active h3 headings\r\n        activeH2 = null;\r\n      }\r\n    });\r\n\r\n    \/\/ Update the active state for the TOC items\r\n    tocItems.forEach(item => {\r\n      item.classList.remove('active');\r\n      const a = item.querySelector('a');\r\n      if (a) {\r\n        const href = a.getAttribute('href');\r\n        const targetId = href.substring(1);\r\n        if ((activeH2 && activeH2.id === targetId) || (activeH3 && activeH3.id === targetId)) {\r\n          item.classList.add('active');\r\n        }\r\n      }\r\n    });\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  \/\/ Call scrollSpy for each TOC on window scroll\r\n  const tocClasses = ['list_toc', 'list_toc_float']; \/\/ Add other TOC class names here if you have more than two instances\r\n  tocClasses.forEach(tocClass => {\r\n    window.addEventListener('scroll', () => scrollSpy(tocClass));\r\n  });\r\n<\/script>\r\n\t\r\n\r\n<!-- ToC List for desktop side bar, diganti jadi inject by php, di code snippet \"Sidebar Accordion\" -->\r\n<!--  <script>\r\n\tdocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\r\nToC List for desktop side bar, diganti jadi inject by php, di code snippet \"Sidebar Accordion\"\r\n        Fungsi untuk mengubah teks menjadi format id\r\n        function formatId(text) {\r\n            return text.trim().replace(\/[^\\w\\d]+\/g, '_');\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        \/\/ Fungsi untuk membuat nested list\r\n        function createNestedList(parentNode, children) {\r\n            if (children.length === 0) return;\r\n\r\n            const nestedUl = document.createElement('ul');\r\n            children.forEach(child => {\r\n                const nestedLi = document.createElement('li');\r\n                const nestedA = document.createElement('a');\r\n                nestedA.textContent = child.title;\r\n                nestedA.href = `#${child.id}`;\r\n                nestedLi.appendChild(nestedA);\r\n                nestedUl.appendChild(nestedLi);\r\n\r\n                if (child.children.length > 0) {\r\n                    createNestedList(nestedLi, child.children);\r\n                }\r\n            });\r\n\r\n            parentNode.appendChild(nestedUl);\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        \/\/ Membuat objek untuk menyimpan daftar h2 dan h3 beserta judulnya\r\n        const headings = [];\r\n\r\n           \/\/ Mengambil semua elemen h2 dan h3\r\n        const elements = document.querySelectorAll('.td-post-content h2');\r\n\t\t\t\/\/, .td-post-content h3\r\n\r\n        elements.forEach(element => {\r\n            if (element.tagName === 'H2') {\r\n                const id = formatId(element.textContent);\r\n                element.id = id;\r\n\t\t\t\tif (element.textContent.toLowerCase() === \"key takeaways\") {return;} \/\/ Kalau Key Takeaways, jangan dimasukin\r\n                headings.push({ level: 'h2', id: id, title: element.textContent, children: [] });\r\n            } else if (element.tagName === 'H3') {\r\n                const id = formatId(element.textContent);\r\n                element.id = id;\r\n                if (headings.length > 0) {\r\n                    headings[headings.length - 1].children.push({ level: 'h3', id: id, title: element.textContent, children: [] });\r\n                }\r\n            }\r\n        });\r\n\r\n        \/\/ Membuat list HTML dari objek headings\r\n        const ul = document.getElementById('list_toc');\r\n        let currentUl = ul;\r\n        headings.forEach(heading => {\r\n            const li = document.createElement('li');\r\n            const a = document.createElement('a');\r\n            a.textContent = heading.title;\r\n            a.href = `#${heading.id}`;\r\n            li.appendChild(a);\r\n\r\n            if (heading.level === 'h2') {\r\n                \/\/ Menyimpan ul saat ini untuk menambahkan nested ul\r\n                currentUl = li;\r\n                ul.appendChild(li);\r\n            } else if (heading.level === 'h3') {\r\n                if (!currentUl.lastElementChild || currentUl.lastElementChild.tagName !== 'UL') {\r\n                    \/\/ Jika belum ada nested ul, buat satu\r\n                    const nestedUl = document.createElement('ul');\r\n                    currentUl.appendChild(nestedUl);\r\n                    currentUl = nestedUl;\r\n                }\r\n                currentUl.appendChild(li);\r\n            }\r\n\r\n            createNestedList(li, heading.children);\r\n        });\r\n\t\tDapatkan elemen ul dengan id 'list_toc_float'\r\nconst ulFloat = document.getElementById('list_toc');\r\nconst ulJourney = document.getElementById('list_journey');\r\n\r\nDapatkan isi (child elements) dari ul dengan id 'list_toc_float'\r\n\tif (ulFloat !== null) {\r\n\t\tconst clonedChildren = ulFloat.cloneNode(true).children;\r\n\t\tconst ulToc = document.getElementById('list_toc_float');\r\n\t\tconst ulTocTop = document.getElementById('list_toc_top');\r\n\t\tif ((ulToc !== null || ulToc !== undefined) && window.innerWidth > 1018){\r\n\t\t\tulToc.append(...clonedChildren);\r\n\t\t} else {\r\n\t\t\tulTocTop.append(...clonedChildren);\r\n\t\t}\r\n\t} \r\n\r\n\tif (ulJourney !== null) {\r\n\t\tconst clonedChildrenJourney = ulJourney.cloneNode(true).children;\r\n\t\tconst ulTocJourney = document.getElementById('list_toc_journey');\r\n\t\tulTocJourney.append(...clonedChildrenJourney);\r\n\t} \r\n\t\r\n        Fungsi untuk mengambil tinggi navbar\r\n        function getNavbarHeight() {\r\n            const navbar = document.getElementById('tdi_34');\r\n            return navbar ? navbar.offsetHeight : 0;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        \/\/ Fungsi untuk menambahkan offset posisi scroll\r\n        function scrollToElementWithOffset(elementId) {\r\n            const element = document.getElementById(elementId);\r\n            if (element) {\r\n                const offset = getNavbarHeight();\r\n                const elementPosition = element.getBoundingClientRect().top;\r\n                const offsetPosition = elementPosition - offset-40;\r\n\r\n                window.scrollBy({\r\n                    top: offsetPosition,\r\n                    behavior: 'smooth'\r\n                });\r\n            }\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        \/\/ Fungsi untuk menangani klik pada tautan judul\r\n        function handleTitleClick(event) {\r\n            event.preventDefault();\r\n            const href = event.target.getAttribute('href').substr(1);\r\n            scrollToElementWithOffset(href);\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        \/\/ Tambahkan event listener untuk semua tautan judul\r\n        const titleLinks = document.querySelectorAll('a[href^=\"#\"]');\r\n        titleLinks.forEach(link => {\r\n            link.addEventListener('click', handleTitleClick);\r\n        });\r\n\t});\r\n    <\/script> -->\r\n\n<p><style>\r\n\t.takeaways-container {\r\n\t\tmargin: 20px 0;\r\n\t\tfont-family: sans-serif;\r\n\t}\r\n\t.box-content {\r\n\t\tbackground-color: #fffacd;\r\n\t\tbox-shadow: 0 4px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);\r\n\t\tborder-radius: 25px;\r\n\t\tpadding: 25px;\r\n\t}\r\n\t.title {\r\n\t\tmargin-bottom: 20px;\r\n\t}\r\n\t.title p {\r\n\t\tdisplay: inline-block;\r\n\t\tbackground-color: #8A0E19;\r\n\t\tcolor: #ffffff;\r\n\t\tpadding: 8px 15px;\r\n\t\tborder-radius: 8px;\r\n\t\tfont-size: 22px;\r\n\t\tfont-weight: bold;\r\n\t\tmargin: 0;\r\n\t}\r\n\t.item {\r\n\t\tdisplay: flex;\r\n\t\talign-items: flex-start;\r\n\t\tmargin-bottom: 12px;\r\n\t}\r\n\t.item .circle {\r\n\t\twidth: 8px;\r\n\t\theight: 8px;\r\n\t\tbackground-color: #000000;\r\n\t\tborder-radius: 50%;\r\n\t\tmargin-right: 12px;\r\n\t\tflex-shrink: 0;\r\n\t\tmargin-top: 8px;\r\n\t}\r\n\t.item p {\r\n\t\tmargin: 0;\r\n\t\tfont-size: 16px;\r\n\t\tline-height: 1.6;\r\n\t}\r\n\t.item p a {\r\n\t\tcolor: #8A0E19;\r\n\t\tfont-weight: normal;\r\n\t\ttext-decoration: none;\r\n\t}\r\n\t.item p a:hover {\r\n\t\ttext-decoration: underline;\r\n\t}\r\n\t.button-wrapper {\r\n\t\tmargin-top: 25px;\r\n\t}\r\n\t.submit-button {\r\n\t\tbackground-color: #8a0e19;\r\n\t\tcolor: #fff !important;\r\n\t\ttransition: all .3s ease;\r\n\t\tpadding: 12px 28px;\r\n\t\tdisplay: inline-block;\r\n\t\tborder-radius: 12px;\r\n\t\tfont-size: 16px;\r\n\t\tfont-weight: bold;\r\n\t\ttext-decoration: none;\r\n\t}\r\n\t.submit-button:hover {\r\n\t\tbackground-color: #991b26;\r\n\t}\r\n\t@media (max-width: 767px) {\r\n\t\t.takeaways-container {\r\n\t\t\theight: auto;\r\n\t\t\tpadding: 0;\r\n\t\t}\r\n\t\t.box-content {\r\n\t\t\tpadding: 24px;\r\n\t\t}\r\n\t\t.content,\r\n\t\t.main-content,\r\n\t\t.list-item {\r\n\t\t\twidth: 100%;\r\n\t\t}\r\n\t}\r\n<\/style>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"takeaways-container\">\r\n\t<div class=\"box-content\">\r\n\t\t<div class=\"content\">\r\n\t\t\t<div class=\"title\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<p>Key Takeaways<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t<div class=\"main-content\">\r\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"list-item\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"item\">    <div class=\"circle\"><\/div>    <p><a href=\"#what-is-construction-estimating\">Construction estimating calculates<\/a> the expected cost of a project before work begins.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"item\">    <div class=\"circle\"><\/div>    <p><a href=\"#types-of-construction-estimates\">Different estimate types<\/a> are used throughout the project lifecycle, from feasibility studies to final budgets.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"item\">    <div class=\"circle\"><\/div>    <p><a href=\"#how-to-estimate-construction-costs\">Accurate estimates require<\/a> site reviews, material takeoffs, supplier pricing, and cost analysis.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"item\">    <div class=\"circle\"><\/div>    <p><a href=\"#how-estimating-software-fits-into-project-management\">Estimating software supports<\/a> budgeting, procurement, cost tracking, and project management.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t<\/div>\r\n<\/div> \r\n    <div class=\"adjustable-banner-wrap\">\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/au\/erp-system?medium=moneysite-banner\" target=\"_blank\">\r\n            <img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\"\r\n                 src=\"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/au\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/erp_desktop_4.webp\"\r\n                 data-desktop-src=\"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/au\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/erp_desktop_4.webp\"\r\n                 data-mobile-src=\"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/au\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/erp_mobile_4.webp\"\r\n                 alt=\"ERP4\"\r\n                 class=\"responsive-image-banner\">\r\n\r\n            \r\n            <div class=\"adjustable-banner-overlay\" style=\"width: 58%\">\r\n                <p class=\"adjustable-banner-text\"><span class=\"adjustable-highlight\">Need an<\/span> expert to <span class=\"adjustable-highlight\">control construction costs<\/span>?<\/p>\r\n                <div class=\"adjustable-banner-btn\">Consult Now<\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n\r\n        <\/a>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n<script>\r\n    \/\/ check which image to use based on screensize\r\n    document.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() {\r\n        function updateImageSource() {\r\n            var images = document.querySelectorAll('.responsive-image-banner');\r\n            var screenWidth = window.innerWidth;\r\n\r\n            images.forEach(function(img) {\r\n                var mobileSrc = img.getAttribute('data-mobile-src');\r\n                var desktopSrc = img.getAttribute('data-desktop-src');\r\n\r\n                if (screenWidth < 576 && mobileSrc) {\r\n                    img.setAttribute('src', mobileSrc);\r\n                } else {\r\n                    img.setAttribute('src', desktopSrc);\r\n                }\r\n            });\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        \/\/ Initial check\r\n        updateImageSource();\r\n\r\n        \/\/ Update on resize\r\n        window.addEventListener('resize', updateImageSource);\r\n    });\r\n<\/script><\/p>\n<h2><strong>What Is Construction Estimating?<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Construction estimating is the process of forecasting the cost of completing a construction project. It combines project requirements, quantities, and pricing data to produce an estimated project cost before construction starts.<\/p>\n<p>A construction estimate includes direct costs such as materials, labour, equipment, and subcontractor services, as well as indirect costs like permits, insurance, supervision, and administrative expenses.<\/p>\n<p>Construction estimates are commonly used to prepare project budgets, evaluate feasibility, and support tender submissions. They help contractors understand expected costs before committing to a project.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Why Accurate Estimating Matters<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Accurate estimates help construction businesses avoid unexpected costs and keep projects financially on track. When costs are estimated correctly from the start, there is less risk of budget overruns during delivery.<\/p>\n<p>Estimating also plays an important role in tendering. Contractors need pricing that is competitive enough to win work while still covering project costs and maintaining healthy margins.<\/p>\n<p>Throughout the project, estimates provide a benchmark for monitoring spending and identifying cost variances. This makes it easier to manage budgets and make informed decisions as work progresses.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Types of Construction Estimates<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Different types of estimates are used at different stages of a project, with accuracy improving as more information becomes available.<\/p>\n<div style=\"width: 100%; overflow-x: auto; -webkit-overflow-scrolling: touch; margin: 20px 0; border-radius: 12px;\">\n<table style=\"width: 100%; min-width: 750px; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 15px; border-radius: 12px; overflow: hidden;\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"background: #90191C; color: #fff; text-align: left; padding: 12px 14px;\">Estimate Type<\/th>\n<th style=\"background: #90191C; color: #fff; text-align: left; padding: 12px 14px;\">Purpose<\/th>\n<th style=\"background: #90191C; color: #fff; text-align: left; padding: 12px 14px;\">Typical Accuracy<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"background: #fff;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 12px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f1f1f1; font-weight: bold; color: #90191c;\">Preliminary Estimate<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 12px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f1f1f1;\">Early feasibility assessment<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 12px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f1f1f1;\">\u00b130%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #fafafa;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 12px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f1f1f1; font-weight: bold; color: #90191c;\">Conceptual Estimate<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 12px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f1f1f1;\">Design-stage budgeting<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 12px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f1f1f1;\">\u00b115\u201320%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #fff;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 12px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f1f1f1; font-weight: bold; color: #90191c;\">Detailed Estimate<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 12px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f1f1f1;\">Tender submissions<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 12px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f1f1f1;\">\u00b15\u201310%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #fafafa;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 12px 14px; font-weight: bold; color: #90191c;\">Definitive Estimate<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 12px 14px;\">Final project budget<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 12px 14px;\">\u00b13\u20135%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>Construction estimate accuracy generally improves as project details become more defined. Early estimates provide budgeting guidance, while later estimates support tender pricing and project execution.<\/p>\n<style>\r\n    #custom-quote {\r\n        background-color: #f0f0f0;\r\n        padding: 20px;\r\n        border-radius: 12px;\r\n        margin: 20px;\r\n        display: flex;\r\n        flex-direction: column;\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    #custom-quote .quote-body {\r\n        display: flex;\r\n        flex-direction: row;\r\n        align-items: flex-start;\r\n        gap: 15px;\r\n        font-size: 16px;\r\n        line-height: 1.5;\r\n        font-style: italic;\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    #custom-quote .quote-icon {\r\n        width: 40px;\r\n        height: 40px;\r\n        flex-shrink: 0;\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    #custom-quote .quote-author-wrapper {\r\n        margin-top: 15px;\r\n        align-self: flex-start;\r\n        margin-left: 55px; \r\n\t\tmargin-bottom: 0px;\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    #custom-quote em {\r\n        font-family: 'Roboto Serif', serif !important;\r\n        font-size: 12px;\r\n        font-weight: bold;\r\n        font-style: normal;\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    @media screen and (max-width: 768px) {\r\n        #custom-quote {\r\n            margin: 15px 0;\r\n            padding: 15px;\r\n        }\r\n        \r\n        #custom-quote .quote-body {\r\n            gap: 12px;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        #custom-quote .quote-author-wrapper {\r\n            margin-left: 52px;\r\n        }\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    @media screen and (max-width: 480px) {\r\n        #custom-quote {\r\n            margin: 10px 0;\r\n            padding: 12px;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        #custom-quote .quote-body {\r\n            font-size: 14px;\r\n            gap: 10px;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        #custom-quote .quote-icon {\r\n            width: 32px;\r\n            height: 32px;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        #custom-quote .quote-author-wrapper {\r\n            margin-top: 10px;\r\n            margin-left: 42px;\r\n        }\r\n    }\r\n<\/style>\r\n\r\n<div id=\"custom-quote\">\r\n    <div class=\"quote-body\">\r\n        <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/quote.webp\" alt=\"Quote Icon\" class=\"quote-icon\">\r\n        <div>\r\n            Successful construction projects start with reliable estimates. The more accurate the cost assumptions, the easier it becomes to control budgets, manage risks, and protect project profitability.        <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n    <p class=\"quote-author-wrapper\">\r\n        <em>Luke Sheridan<\/em>\r\n    <\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n<h2><strong>Construction Estimating Methods<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Construction estimators use different methods depending on the amount of project information available, the required level of accuracy, and the stage of the project.<\/p>\n<h3>1. Unit Cost Method<\/h3>\n<p>The unit cost method estimates project costs by applying a cost rate to a measurable unit, such as square metres, cubic metres, or linear metres. It is commonly used during early planning when detailed project information is not yet available.<\/p>\n<h3>2. Stick Estimating<\/h3>\n<p>Stick estimating involves calculating the cost of each individual material, labour item, and project activity. While more time-consuming, it generally provides greater accuracy and is often used for tender submissions and detailed budgeting.<\/p>\n<h3>3. Parametric Estimating<\/h3>\n<p>Parametric estimating uses historical project data and cost models to predict future project costs. It allows estimators to produce cost forecasts quickly by applying predefined cost relationships to project variables.<\/p>\n<h3>4. Analogous Estimating<\/h3>\n<p>Analogous estimating uses the cost of similar completed projects as a reference point. It is most useful during the early stages of planning when detailed project specifications are still being developed.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>How to Estimate Construction Costs<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-5152\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/au\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/How-to-Estimate-Construction-Costs-e1780972968951.webp\" alt=\"How to Estimate Construction Costs\" width=\"1280\" height=\"574\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/au\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/How-to-Estimate-Construction-Costs-e1780972968951.webp 1280w, https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/au\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/How-to-Estimate-Construction-Costs-e1780972968951-300x135.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/au\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/How-to-Estimate-Construction-Costs-e1780972968951-1024x459.webp 1024w, https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/au\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/How-to-Estimate-Construction-Costs-e1780972968951-768x344.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/au\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/How-to-Estimate-Construction-Costs-e1780972968951-937x420.webp 937w, https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/au\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/How-to-Estimate-Construction-Costs-e1780972968951-150x67.webp 150w, https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/au\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/How-to-Estimate-Construction-Costs-e1780972968951-696x312.webp 696w, https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/au\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/How-to-Estimate-Construction-Costs-e1780972968951-1068x479.webp 1068w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Accurate construction estimates require a structured process that considers project scope, site conditions, resource requirements, and potential risks before work begins.<\/p>\n<h3>1. Review the Tender Package<\/h3>\n<p>Review project drawings, specifications, schedules, and contract requirements to understand the scope of work and identify potential cost drivers.<\/p>\n<h3>2. Visit the Construction Site<\/h3>\n<p>Inspect site conditions to assess factors such as access restrictions, ground conditions, utilities, and environmental considerations that may affect project costs.<\/p>\n<h3>3. Perform a Material Takeoff<\/h3>\n<p>Calculate the quantities of materials required for the project based on drawings and specifications. This forms the foundation of the cost estimate.<\/p>\n<h3>4. Solicit Pricing from Suppliers and Vendors<\/h3>\n<p>Obtain current pricing for materials, equipment, and subcontracted services to ensure estimates reflect market conditions.<\/p>\n<h3>5. Evaluate Labour Requirements<\/h3>\n<p>Estimate labour hours, workforce requirements, and productivity rates needed to complete each stage of the project.<\/p>\n<h3>6. Determine Insurance and Bonding Costs<\/h3>\n<p>Include project-specific insurance, bonding, permits, and compliance costs that may be required before construction can commence.<\/p>\n<h3>7. Calculate Overhead and Indirect Field Costs<\/h3>\n<p>Account for expenses such as site supervision, temporary facilities, administration, utilities, and other indirect project costs.<\/p>\n<h3>8. Consider Profit and Contingency<\/h3>\n<p>Add a profit margin and contingency allowance to cover business objectives and potential project risks that may arise during construction.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Australian Construction Cost Benchmarks<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Construction costs vary significantly depending on project type, location, design complexity, labour availability, and market conditions. The figures below provide a general indication of typical construction costs in Australia.<\/p>\n<div style=\"width: 100%; overflow-x: auto; -webkit-overflow-scrolling: touch; margin: 20px 0; border-radius: 12px;\">\n<table style=\"width: 100%; min-width: 750px; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 15px; border-radius: 12px; overflow: hidden;\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"background: #90191C; color: #fff; text-align: left; padding: 12px 14px;\">Building Type<\/th>\n<th style=\"background: #90191C; color: #fff; text-align: left; padding: 12px 14px;\">Indicative Cost Range (AUD\/sqm)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"background: #fff;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 12px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f1f1f1; font-weight: bold;\">Residential \u2013 Standard House<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 12px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f1f1f1;\">$1,800\u2013$3,500<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #fafafa;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 12px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f1f1f1; font-weight: bold;\">Residential \u2013 High-End<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 12px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f1f1f1;\">$3,500\u2013$6,000+<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #fff;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 12px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f1f1f1; font-weight: bold;\">Commercial Office<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 12px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f1f1f1;\">$2,800\u2013$4,500<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #fafafa;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 12px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f1f1f1; font-weight: bold;\">Retail Fitout<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 12px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f1f1f1;\">$1,500\u2013$3,500<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #fff;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 12px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f1f1f1; font-weight: bold;\">Industrial Warehouse<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 12px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f1f1f1;\">$800\u2013$1,800<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #fafafa;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 12px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f1f1f1; font-weight: bold;\">Hospital \/ Healthcare<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 12px 14px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f1f1f1;\">$4,500\u2013$7,500<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #fff;\">\n<td style=\"padding: 12px 14px; font-weight: bold;\">Education Facilities<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 12px 14px;\">$3,000\u2013$5,000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>Construction costs can vary between metropolitan and regional areas due to differences in labour availability, transportation costs, and local market conditions.<\/p>\n<p>These benchmarks should be used as a general reference only. Actual project costs may differ depending on project scope, specifications, site conditions, and procurement requirements.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Common Construction Estimating Mistakes<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-5147\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/au\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/common-construction-estimating-mistakes-e1780972775439.webp\" alt=\"common construction estimating mistakes\" width=\"1280\" height=\"680\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/au\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/common-construction-estimating-mistakes-e1780972775439.webp 1280w, https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/au\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/common-construction-estimating-mistakes-e1780972775439-300x159.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/au\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/common-construction-estimating-mistakes-e1780972775439-1024x544.webp 1024w, https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/au\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/common-construction-estimating-mistakes-e1780972775439-768x408.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/au\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/common-construction-estimating-mistakes-e1780972775439-791x420.webp 791w, https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/au\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/common-construction-estimating-mistakes-e1780972775439-150x80.webp 150w, https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/au\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/common-construction-estimating-mistakes-e1780972775439-696x370.webp 696w, https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/au\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/common-construction-estimating-mistakes-e1780972775439-1068x567.webp 1068w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Even experienced estimators can make errors that affect project budgets and profitability. Understanding these common mistakes can help construction businesses improve estimate accuracy and reduce financial risk.<\/p>\n<h3>1. Incomplete Takeoff<\/h3>\n<p>Missing quantities or overlooking project requirements can result in underestimated material and labour costs. Even small omissions may have a significant impact on the overall project budget.<\/p>\n<h3>2. Using Outdated Rates<\/h3>\n<p>Construction costs can change quickly due to market conditions, labour shortages, and material price fluctuations. Using outdated pricing data may lead to inaccurate estimates.<\/p>\n<h3>3. Ignoring Site-Specific Conditions<\/h3>\n<p>Factors such as site access, ground conditions, weather, and local regulations can influence project costs. Failing to account for these conditions may result in unexpected expenses during construction.<\/p>\n<h3>4. Underestimating Labour Costs<\/h3>\n<p>Labour is often one of the largest project expenses. Inaccurate assumptions about productivity, workforce availability, or labour rates can affect overall project profitability.<\/p>\n<h3>5. Skipping Contingency Allowances<\/h3>\n<p>Unexpected issues can arise during any construction project. Without a contingency allowance, businesses may struggle to absorb additional costs caused by delays, variations, or unforeseen conditions.<\/p>\n<h3>6. Failing to Document Assumptions<\/h3>\n<p>Recording assumptions helps teams understand how estimates were developed and provides a reference when project conditions change. This also improves transparency during project reviews and tender evaluations.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>How Estimating Software Fits Into Project Management<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Estimating software helps construction businesses prepare more accurate estimates, reduce manual calculations, and centralise project data.<\/p>\n<p>When integrated with budgeting, procurement, and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/au\/blog\/job-costing\/\">job costing<\/a>, it provides better visibility into project costs and helps teams monitor budgets more effectively.<\/p>\n<h3>Benefits of Construction Estimating Software<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Faster quantity takeoffs:<\/strong> Reduce the time required to measure and calculate project quantities.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Consistent pricing data:<\/strong> Apply standardised pricing across estimates and projects.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Improved budget control:<\/strong> Compare estimated and actual costs more effectively.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Better project visibility:<\/strong> Access cost information and project data from a central location.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Reduced manual errors:<\/strong> Minimise calculation mistakes and duplicate data entry.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Many businesses use estimating tools alongside a construction management system to connect estimating, procurement, budgeting, and project delivery within a single platform.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Construction estimating helps businesses understand project costs before work begins and provides the foundation for budgeting, tendering, and financial planning. Accurate estimates reduce uncertainty and support better project decision-making.<\/p>\n<p>By combining reliable estimating methods with structured cost management processes, construction businesses can improve profitability, control project spending, and reduce the risk of cost overruns.<\/p>\n<p>If you are looking to improve construction estimating and project cost control, you can <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/au\/free-product-tour\/?medium=free-product-tour\">book a free walkthrough with our team<\/a> to see how integrated construction software can support your operations.<\/p>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/au\/project-based-erp-software?medium=moneysite-banner\" target=\"_blank\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"712\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hashmicro.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/CTA-Blog-SG-10.png\" alt=\"Management Project\"><\/a>\n<h2 class=\"faqTitle\">Frequently Asked Question<\/h2>\r\n<style>\r\n\t#main-article 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estimating is the process of calculating the expected cost of a construction project before work begins.<\/p>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n    <div class=\"accordion-wrapper\">\r\n        <div class=\"header-faq\">\r\n            <button class=\"question\">What are the main types of construction estimates?<\/button>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n        <div class=\"answer\">\r\n            <p>The main types of construction estimates are preliminary, conceptual, detailed, and definitive estimates.<\/p>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n    <div class=\"accordion-wrapper\">\r\n        <div class=\"header-faq\">\r\n            <button class=\"question\">How do you estimate construction costs for a project?<\/button>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n        <div class=\"answer\">\r\n            <p>Estimating construction costs typically involves reviewing project requirements, performing material takeoffs, obtaining supplier pricing, assessing labour costs, and calculating overheads, profit, and contingency allowances.<\/p>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n    <div class=\"accordion-wrapper\">\r\n        <div class=\"header-faq\">\r\n            <button class=\"question\">What is the difference between an estimate and a tender?<\/button>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n        <div class=\"answer\">\r\n            <p>An estimate calculates the expected project cost, while a tender is a formal proposal submitted to win a project based on that estimate.<\/p>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n    <div class=\"accordion-wrapper\">\r\n        <div class=\"header-faq\">\r\n            <button class=\"question\">Can construction estimating software improve accuracy?<\/button>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n        <div class=\"answer\">\r\n            <p>Yes. Construction estimating software helps improve accuracy by automating calculations, standardising pricing data, and providing better visibility into project costs.<\/p>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n<script>\r\n    function toggleAccordion() {\r\n        var acc = document.getElementsByClassName(\"header-faq\");\r\n        for (var i = 0; i < acc.length; i++) {\r\n            acc[i].addEventListener(\"click\", function() {\r\n                for (var j = 0; j < acc.length; j++) {\r\n                    if (acc[j] !== this && acc[j].classList.contains(\"active\")) {\r\n                        acc[j].classList.remove(\"active\");\r\n                        acc[j].closest('.accordion-wrapper').classList.remove('active');\r\n                        var panel = acc[j].nextElementSibling;\r\n                        panel.style.maxHeight = null;\r\n                    }\r\n                }\r\n\r\n                this.classList.toggle(\"active\");\r\n                var accordionWrapper = this.closest('.accordion-wrapper');\r\n                var panel = this.nextElementSibling;\r\n                if (this.classList.contains(\"active\")) {\r\n                    panel.style.maxHeight = panel.scrollHeight + \"px\";\r\n                    accordionWrapper.classList.add('active');\r\n                } else {\r\n                    panel.style.maxHeight = null;\r\n                    accordionWrapper.classList.remove('active');\r\n                }\r\n            });\r\n        }\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', toggleAccordion);\r\n<\/script>\r\n\r\n<!-- <script>\r\n    document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function() {\r\n        document.querySelectorAll('.header-faq .question').forEach(btn => {\r\n            const text = btn.textContent.trim();\r\n            const h3 = document.createElement('h3');\r\n            h3.textContent = text;\r\n            h3.className = \"faq-h3-addition\";\r\n            btn.textContent = '';\r\n            btn.appendChild(h3);\r\n        });\r\n    });\r\n<\/script> -->\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Construction estimating is the process of calculating the expected cost of a construction project before work begins. It helps contractors and project teams understand how much a project is likely to cost and whether it can be delivered within budget. Estimating involves calculating costs for materials, labour, equipment, overheads, and other project expenses. These figures [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":54,"featured_media":5148,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"tdm_status":"","tdm_grid_status":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[33,1],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-5116","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-construction","8":"category-uncategorized"},"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v26.6 (Yoast SEO v27.5) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Construction Estimating: Methods, Costs, and Best Practices<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Learn construction estimating methods, cost benchmarks, common mistakes, and how to estimate project costs more accurately.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, 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